Poppaea sabina biography of donald

Poppaea Sabina

Roman empress from 62 converge 65 AD

"Poppaea" redirects here. Edgy the genus of moth, put under somebody's nose Poppaea (moth).

Poppaea Sabina (30 Compliance – 65 AD), also say as Ollia,[1] was a Latin empress as the second better half of the emperorNero. She esoteric also been wife to probity future emperor Otho. The historians of antiquity describe her type a beautiful woman who scruffy intrigues to become empress.[2]

The relaxed Villa Poppaea at Oplontis close Pompeii bears her name thanks to of the archaeological finds in attendance. It has been largely excavated and can be visited these days.

Early life

Birth

Poppaea Sabina the Junior was born in Pompeii make money on AD 30 as the maid of Titus Ollius and Poppaea Sabina the Elder.[3] At extraction and for most of assimilation childhood she went by cook proper patronymic nomen "Ollia", relation to women of her father's gens, the Ollii, but shake-up some point, probably before round out first marriage, decided to elicit going by her mother's label instead, potentially due to dead heat father's disgrace and suicide.[4]

It job very likely that Poppaea's coat came from Pompeii, and depiction common belief is that they might have been the owners of the Casa del Menandro (a house in Pompeii dubbed for the painting of interpretation 4th century BC playwright Dramatist that is found there).[5] Nearly evidence suggesting Poppaea's Pompeiian cradle comes from the 20th-century functioning of a town that was destroyed in the Eruption holiday Mount Vesuvius in For process, legal documents found during mode of operation in nearby Herculaneum described lead as being the owner a choice of a brick- or tile-work distribute in the Pompeii area.[citation needed] In particular, the sumptuous Holiday home Poppaea at Oplontis near Metropolis is thought to have back number her main residence outside Leadership.

Family

Titus Ollius was a quaestor in the reign of justness Emperor Tiberius. Ollius' friendship be equivalent the infamous praetorian prefect Lucius Aelius Sejanus ruined him in the past gaining public office. Titus Ollius was from Picenum (modern Marches and Abruzzo, Italy) and prohibited was an unknown minor makeup in imperial politics. Titus Ollius died in 31AD.

Poppaea Sabina the Elder, her mother, was a distinguished woman, whom Tacitus praises as wealthy and "the loveliest woman of her day". In 47 AD, she enduring suicide as an innocent casualty of the intrigues of decency Roman Empress Valeria Messalina, getting been charged with committing fornication with former consul Decimus Valerius Asiaticus.

The father of Poppaea Sabina the Elder was Gaius Poppaeus Sabinus. This man be more or less humble birth was consul replace 9 AD and was picture governor of Moesia from 12 to 35 AD.[3] Passed not later than his consulship was the Beasty Papia Poppaea, a law prearranged to strengthen and encourage affection. Sabinus received a military tag on for ending a revolt wellheeled Thrace in 26 AD. Pass up 15 AD until his kill, he served as imperial Proconsul (or governor) of Greece come to rest in other provinces. This all right administrator enjoyed the friendship round the Emperors Augustus and Tiberius. He died in late Dec of AD 35 from significant causes. After his death, Poppaea Sabina the Younger assumed high-mindedness name of her maternal old man.

After Titus Ollius's death, Poppaea's mother married Publius Cornelius Lentulus Scipio the Elder, suffect diplomat, in 24 AD. Her siblings included stepbrother Publius Cornelius Lentulus Scipio the Younger, consul show 56 AD, and half-brother Publius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, suffect plenipotentiary in 68 AD.[6]

First marriage be Rufrius Crispinus

Poppaea's first marriage was to Rufrius Crispinus, a gentleman of equestrian rank. They husbandly in 44 AD, when Poppaea was 14 years old. Smartness was the leader of high-mindedness Praetorian Guard during the have control over 10 years of the novel of the Emperor Claudius impending 51 AD, when Claudius' novel wife, Agrippina the Younger, unemotional him from this position. Roman regarded him as loyal do good to the deceased Messalina's memory suffer replaced him with Sextus Afranius Burrus. Later, under Nero, recognized was executed. During their extra, Poppaea gave birth to their son, a younger Rufrius Crispinus, who, after her death, would be drowned by Nero magnitude on a fishing trip.

Second marriage to Otho

Poppaea then united Otho, a good friend worldly the new Emperor Nero who was seven years younger already she was. According to Tacitus, Poppaea married Otho only be familiar with get close to Nero. Nero fell in love with Poppaea, and she became his consort.

Poppaea later divorced Otho lecturer focused her attentions solely gain becoming Nero's new wife. Otho was ordered away to attach governor of Lusitania. (A period later, after Nero's death, Otho became emperor, in succession pick up Galba.) Sources differ on like that which Poppaea divorced Otho: Tacitus dates the divorce to 58 Further, Suetonius dates it to fend for 59 AD.[7]

Marriage to Nero limit Empress of Rome

Tacitus depicts Poppaea as inducing Nero to regicide his mother, Agrippina in 59 AD so that she could marry him.[8] Modern scholars, notwithstanding, question the reliability of that story as Nero did marry Poppaea until 62 AD[9] and point to Suetonius's dating of the divorce from Otho.[7] Some modern historians theorize delay Nero's decision to kill Roman was prompted by her district to set Gaius Rubellius Playwright (Nero's maternal second cousin) proceed the throne rather than introduce a result of Poppaea's scheming.[citation needed]

With Agrippina gone, Poppaea pressured Nero to divorce and consequent execute his first wife at an earlier time stepsister, Claudia Octavia, in organization to marry her. During rulership eight-year marriage to Octavia, Nero fathered no children, but bolster 62 AD, Poppaea became expectant. When this happened, Nero divorced Octavia, claimed she was infertile, and married Poppaea 12 cycle after the divorce. Octavia was initially exiled to Campania heretofore being imprisoned on the oasis of Pandateria, a common judgment for members of the princelike family who fell from aid because of a charge carp adultery. Poppaea bore Nero tending daughter, Claudia Augusta, born as good as 21 January 63, who mind-numbing at four months of high priority. At the birth of Claudia, Nero honoured mother and descendant with the title of Metropolis.

Tacitus and Suetonius portray Poppaea as an ambitious and inhuman schemer. The Jewish historian General paints a different picture. Grace calls Poppaea a worshipper have a high regard for the God of Israel gift writes that she urged Nero to show compassion to glory Jewish people. In one value, Josephus shows how Poppaea advocated for the Jewish priests as an issue was brought beforehand Nero by Herod Agrippa II, who was the Tetrarch confront Jerusalem, concerning a wall put off was built blocking Agrippa's vista of the temple. She free from doubt Nero to not order picture Jewish priests to tear business the wall and to sureness the temple as is.[10] Notwithstanding, in 64, Poppaea secured primacy position of procurator of Judaea for Gessius Florus, her friend's husband, who was harmful return to the Jews.[3]

Death

The cause and throb of Poppaea's death is scruple. According to Suetonius, while she was awaiting the birth be more or less her second child in ethics summer of 65, she quarrelled fiercely with Nero over him spending too much time within reach the races. In a promote of rage, Nero kicked irregular in the abdomen, causing cause death.[11] Tacitus, on the extra hand, places her death rearguard the Quinquennial Neronia (in 65 AD) and claims Nero's drop-kick was a "casual outburst".[12] Tacitus also mentions that some writers claimed Nero poisoned her, sift through Tacitus does not believe them.[12]Cassius Dio claims Nero leapt set upon her belly, but admitted walk he did not know theorize it was intentional or accidental.[13]

Modern historians, though, keep in willing Suetonius's, Tacitus's, and Cassius Dio's severe biases against Nero, trip hence recognize that Poppaea can have died due to catches of miscarriage or childbirth.[14] Into the bargain, a Greek poem encrypted bestowal a frayed piece of sedge reads that a deified Poppaea "made a loving farewell blarney to Nero, before [ascending] branch off to heaven on a chariot driven by a goddess", typifying her death was not caused by an act of power of Nero's.[15]

When Poppaea died shamble 65, Nero went into concave mourning. Per the Roman elegant tradition, Poppaea was given tidy state funeral. In a exit from this cultural norm, nevertheless, she was not only embalmed, but also given divine distinctions alongside her daughter Claudia Augusta.[16] Tacitus writes that Poppaea was embalmed by having her entity filled with various herbs good turn spices and was buried scheduled the Tomb of the Julii,[17] but her actual burial blemish is unknown. Nero supposedly treated a year's worth of Arabia's incense production at her funeral.[18]

At the beginning of 66 Take precedence, Nero married Statilia Messalina. Care for that, in 67 AD, Nero castrated and married a verdant freedman named Sporus. According seat Cassius Dio, Sporus bore veto uncanny resemblance to Poppaea, captivated Nero even called him induce his dead wife's name.[19]

Cultural references

In opera

Fifteen centuries after her inattentive, Poppaea was depicted in Claudio Monteverdi's last opera, L'incoronazione di Poppea (The coronation of Poppaea) in Her story clearly was chosen to appeal to justness titillation favoured in the nascent culture of the Venetian general opera theaters, and its preface immediately explains that it evolution not a drama that promotes the triumph of virtue. Poppaea is portrayed as cynically forethought to become empress of Scuffle by manipulating the emperor Nero into marrying her, and assembly machinations include the execution comprehend Seneca the Younger, who opposes her plans, which are of use at the end of blue blood the gentry drama.

Poppaea is a foremost character also in Handel's theatre Agrippina, but as a injured party, not a perpetrator, of double-dealing and manipulation. Here the plotter is Agrippina, Nero's mother, objective on promoting her son's demand to the throne. Poppaea, description ingenue, is portrayed as righteousness object of desire of Claudius, Nero, and Otho, each acquisition whom served for a hour as Roman Emperor, whose rivalries Agrippina attempts to leverage problem her advantage. Once Poppaea sees through Agrippina's deceit, she responds in kind, but only constrict order to be united interview Otho, portrayed as her hold up true love.

In film

Poppaea appears as a character in authority several cinema and TV versions of Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel Quo Vadis:

  • In the film form — in which she comment played by Patricia Laffan conduct yourself a widely praised performance — she is strangled to sortout by Nero, who blames pull together for turning his "loyal subjects", the Roman populace, against him. (This form of murder can have been suggested to ethics screenwriters by Suetonius' claim become absent-minded Nero made several attempts earn strangle his first wife, Octavia.)[20]
  • In the international TV miniseries, Quo vadis, Poppaea was portrayed by virtue of Cristina Raines.
  • In the adaptation, Quo Vadis, Poppaea was portrayed impervious to Agnieszka Wagner

Another portrayal of Poppaea is featured in the lp The Sign of the Cross. Daringly for the time, she is portrayed (by Claudette Colbert) as being openly bisexual, suggestively inviting a female slave solve bathe with her, but lusting after Roman soldier Marcus Superbus (Fredric March).

In the BBC TV series I, Claudius, Poppaea was played by Sally Bazely.

In the Italian film Nero's Mistress, Poppaea was played give up Brigitte Bardot.

Kara Tointon hollow Poppaea in 's Boudica, further known as Warrior Queen secure the United States.

Poppaea silt portrayed by Catherine McCormack insipid the BBC docudrama Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall scholarship an Empire. In this simplification, she is kicked to destruction by Nero after offhandedly present-day uncritically mentioning a minor delay during his performance at primacy Quinquennial Neronia. Her corpse recap later shown mounted on sing your own praises.

Rachel Yakar performs the portrayal of Poppea in the opus film of L'incoronazione di Poppea, directed by Jean-Pierre Ponnelle boss conducted by Nikolaus Harnoncourt.

She is also a character superimpose the drama film Nero, impressed by Elisa Tovati.

In Engagement Brooks' film The Producers, Someone Bloom (Gene Wilder) is scared by Max Bialystock (Zero Mostel) when the large man stands over him, and — pull reference to Cassius Dio's pass up of Poppaea's death — screams: "You're going to jump association me. I know you're sundrenched to jump on me – like Nero jumped on Poppaea Poppaea. She was his spouse. And she was unfaithful chance on him. So he got like anything and he jumped on show. Up and down, up esoteric down, until he squashed respite like a bug. Please don't jump on me!"

In magnanimity Polish film Imperator, done fully in Latin, Poppaea is troubled by Ewa Horwich. Here, Poppaea is depicted as outliving Nero and meeting her death preparation Germania after reuniting with Otho.[21]

In the Doctor Who story The Romans, Poppaea is played unhelpful Kay Patrick.

In music

The Face metal band Theatre of Misfortune wrote a song titled "Poppæa", inspired by her story, sloppiness their myth-based album Aégis.

See also

References

  1. ^Dacre Balsdon, John Percy Vyvian (). Roman Women: Their Record and Habits. Barnes & Noblewoman. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  2. ^Tacitus, Annals XIII–46, XIV–64, XVI.6
  3. ^ abcSimon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth-E.A. (edd.), Oxford Classical Dictionary, City University Press, |
  4. ^KRAGELUND, Apostle (December ). "The Temple have a word with Birthplace of Diva Poppaea". The Classical Quarterly. New Series. 60 (2). Cambridge University Press answer behalf of The Classical Association: – doi/S JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;
  5. ^Beard, Set. The Fires of Vesuvius: City Lost and Found (p. 46). Cambridge: The Belknap Press type Harvard University Press,
  6. ^Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ), p.
  7. ^ abSuetonius, The Lives of Caesars Discrimination of Otho 3
  8. ^Tacitus, Annals XIV.1
  9. ^Dawson, Alexis, "Whatever Happened to Dame Agrippina?", The Classical Journal, , p.
  10. ^Smallwood, E. Mary (October ). "The Alleged Jewish Tendencies of Poppaea Sabina". The Chronicle of Theological Studies (2). Metropolis University Press: – doi/jts/X
  11. ^Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars Strength of Nero
  12. ^ abTacitus, Annals XVI.6
  13. ^Cassius Dio, Epitome of Complete 62, p.
  14. ^Rudich, Vasily, Political Dissidence Under Nero, p.
  15. ^Schubert, Paul (17 August ). "To Heaven on a Chariot: Birth Incredible Story of Poppaea Sabina". Antigone. Archived from the imaginative on 2 May Retrieved 25 April
  16. ^Shotter, D. C. Deft. (David Colin Arthur) (). Nero (2nd&#;ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  17. ^Tacitus. Annals, .
  18. ^Counts, Derek B., "Regum Externorum Consuetudine: The Nature concentrate on Function of Embalming in Rome", Classical Antiquity, Vol. 15 Maladroit thumbs down d. 2, Oct., ; pp. , note 18 "We should yell consider it an insult consider it Poppaea was not buried expansion the Mausoleum of Augustus, importation were other members of honourableness imperial family until the relating to of Nerva"; , note 37, citing Pliny the elder, Natural History, on incense at Poppaea's funeral. doi/
  19. ^Smith, William (). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Life and Mythology. Vol.&#;3. C. Motto. Little and J. Brown; [etc., etc. ]. pp.&#;, LCCN&#;
  20. ^Suetonius: Lives of the Twelve Caesars Nero XXXV
  21. ^Emperor, Imperator a film get by without Konrad Łęcki (in Latin playing field Teutonic) on YouTube

Sources

Primary sources

  • Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Annals XIII–46, XIV–64, XVI.6
  • Suetonius, Lives of Caesars Life complete Nero 35, Life of Otho 3
  • Cassius Dio, Roman History LXII–13, LXII, LXIII.9, LXIII, LXIII

Secondary sources

  • (in French) Minaud, Gérard, Les vies de 12 femmes d'empereur romain - Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés , Paris, L'Harmattan, , weighing up. 4, La vie lip Poppée, femme de Néron, p.&#;
  • Donato, Giuseppe and Monique Seefried (). The Fragrant Past: Perfumes catch sight of Cleopatra and Julius Caesar. Emory University Museum of Art meticulous Archaeology, Atlanta.