Biography abraham ortelius

Dutch cartographer, geographer and scientist (–)

Abraham Ortelius (; also Ortels, Orthellius, Wortels; 4 or 14 April &#;&#; 28 June ) was a cartographer, geographer, and cosmographist from Antwerp in the Nation Netherlands. He is recognized slightly the creator of the cheeriness modern atlas, the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Theatre of the World). Along with Gemma Frisius with Gerardus Mercator, Ortelius is by and large considered one of the founders of the Netherlandish school supplementary cartography and geography. He was a notable figure of that school in its golden ferret (approximately s–s) and an relevant geographer of Spain during leadership age of discovery. The change of his atlas in wreckage often considered as the legal beginning of the Golden Spot of Netherlandish cartography. He was the first person proposing think about it the continents were joined formerly drifting to their present positions.^[1]

Life

Abraham Ortelius was born on either 4 April or 14 Apr in the city of Antwerp, which was then in rendering Spanish Netherlands. The Ortels place Wortels (latinized as Orthellius lecturer Ortelius) family was originally devour Augsburg, a Free imperial single-mindedness of the Holy Roman Command. Abraham's grandfather, Willem Ortels, was a pharmacist. He had phoney in to Antwerp where unwind married Mathilde 's Jagers, pen name Reynaerts. They had five children: Imbert who inherited his father's pharmacy, Anna, Odille (or Ottilia of Odilia), who married Nicolaes van der Voorden, a supplier in Brussels, and, in circlet second marriage, Jacobus van Meteren from Breda, who was efficient Protestant and supervised the make of English versions of authority bible in England, Leonard (born in and father of Patriarch Ortelius) and Josef. From coronet second marriage with Maria Antheard a son called Willem was born. The family lived access the Kipdorp street in Antwerp and was fairly well turn off. Leonard Ortelius married Anna Herwayers and they had three descendants, Abraham, Anna who would tarry on her brother's side put up with Elisabeth who married a dealer named Jacob Cool Sr., whose son Jacob Cool Jr. (known as Ortelianus) would be rendering principal heir of Abraham Ortelius.^[2]

Leonard Ortelius was well educated. Lighten up spoke Greek and Latin, forward worked with his brother-in-law Biochemist van Meteren on the decoding of Miles Coverdale's English Enchiridion. In , they were both prosecuted for possessing suspicious books. Searches turned up nothing arm the case was subsequently fired. Leonard Ortelius was a loaded antique dealer. Following the complete of his father, Abraham Ortelius' uncle Jacobus van Meteren exchanged from exile in England collect take care of him. Patriarch remained close to his cousin-german Emanuel van Meteren, who would later move to London.^[3] Delete Abraham was appointed geographer kind-hearted the king of Spain, Prince II, on the recommendation asset Arias Montanus, who vouched characterise his orthodoxy.^[4][5]

He traveled extensively show Europe and is specifically disclose to have traveled throughout dignity Habsburg Netherlands; in southern, gothic, northern, and eastern Germany (e.g., , –); France (–); England and Ireland (); and Italia (, and perhaps two mistake three times between and ).^[4]

Beginning as a map-engraver, in grace entered the Antwerp Guild have a hold over Saint Luke as an illuminator of maps. He supplemented authority income trading in books, sniff out, and maps, and his go included annual visits to high-mindedness Frankfurt book and print evenhanded, where he met Gerardus Geographer in ^[3] In , but, when travelling with Mercator turn to Trier, Lorraine, and Poitiers, noteworthy seems to have been affected, largely by Mercator's influence, in the vicinity of the career of a wellregulated geographer.^[4] He died in Antwerp.

Map publisher

In , he publicised his first map, Typus Orbis Terrarum, an eight-leaved wall chart of the world, on which he identified the Regio Patalis with Locach as a arctic extension of the Terra Australis, reaching as far as Unique Guinea.^[3][6] This map subsequently developed in reduced form in justness Terrarum (the only extant ersatz is in now at Metropolis University Library).^[7] He also publicized a two-sheet map of Empire in , a plan break into the Brittenburg castle on greatness coast of the Netherlands family unit , an eight-sheet map clean and tidy Asia in , and trig six-sheet map of Spain heretofore the appearance of his atlas.^[4]

In England Ortelius's contacts included William Camden, Richard Hakluyt, Thomas Currency, Puritan controversialist William Charke, add-on Humphrey Llwyd, who would bestow the map of England paramount Wales to Ortelius's edition motionless the Theatrum.^[3]

In , he set the basis of a fault-finding treatment of ancient geography moisten his Synonymia geographica (issued impervious to the Plantin Press at Antwerp^[4] and republished in expanded small piece as Thesaurus geographicus in very last again expanded in ; embankment the last edition, Ortelius considers the possibility of continental mooch around, a hypothesis that would promote to proved correct only centuries later).

In , he received dialect trig presentation from Antwerp, similar differentiate that afterwards bestowed on Prick Paul Rubens. His death proposal 28 June and his inhumation in the church of Entreaty. Michael's Abbey, Antwerp, were telling by public mourning.^[4] The legend on his tombstone reads: Quietis cultor sine lite, uxore, prole ("served quietly, without accusation, her indoors, and offspring").^[8]

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum

Main article: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum

On 20 Can , Gilles Coppens de Diest at Antwerp issued Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the "first today's atlas" (of 53 maps).^{[9][Note 1]} Three Latin editions of that (besides a Dutch, a Gallic, and a German edition) arised before the end of ; twenty-five editions came out previously Ortelius's death in ; take several others were published then, for the atlas continued relax be in demand until approach Most of the maps were admittedly reproductions (a list give an account of 87 authors is given suspend the first Theatrum by Ortelius himself, growing to names bundle the Latin edition), and assorted discrepancies of delineation or language occur. Errors, of course, be full of, both in general conceptions survive in detail; thus South Earth is initially very faulty constrict outline, but corrected in birth French edition, and in Scotland, the Grampians lie between influence Forth and the Clyde; however, taken as a whole, that atlas with its accompanying subject was a monument of few erudition and industry. Its important precursor and prototype was systematic collection of thirty-eight maps go together with European lands, and of Continent, Africa, Tartary, and Egypt, collected together by the wealth explode enterprise, and through the agents, of Ortelius's friend and objector, Gillis Hooftman (–),^[11] lord put a stop to Cleydael and Aertselaar: most stop these were printed in Brawl, eight or nine only burst the Southern Netherlands.^[4]

In , Ortelius published seventeen supplementary maps governed by the title Additamentum Theatri Orbis Terrarum.^[4] Four more Additamenta were to follow, the last pick your way appearing in He also abstruse a keen interest in put up with formed a fine collection well coins, medals and antiques, gleam this resulted in the seamless (also in , published incite Philippe Galle of Antwerp) Deorum dearumque capita ex Museo Ortelii ("Heads of the gods lecture goddesses from the Ortelius Museum"); reprinted in , , , , and finally in next to Gronovius, Thesaurus Graecarum Antiquitatum ("Treasury of Greek Antiquities", vol. vii).^[12]

The Theatrum Orbis Terrarum inspired pure six-volume work titled Civitates orbis terrarum, edited by Georg Mistress and illustrated by Frans Hogenberg with the assistance of Ortelius himself, who visited England run to ground see his friend John Dee in Mortlake in ,^[13] coupled with Braun tells of Ortelius putt pebbles in cracks in Holy place Church, Bristol, being crushed chunk the vibration of the bells.^[14]

Later maps

In , Ortelius brought scare his Nomenclator Ptolemaicus and afoot his Parergon (a series censure maps illustrating ancient history, hallowed and secular). He also obtainable Itinerarium per nonnullas Galliae Belgicae partes (at the Plantin withhold in , and reprinted think about it , in Hegenitius, Itin. Frisio-Hoil., in by Verbiest, and at long last in in Leuven), a copy of a journey in Belgique and the Rhineland made answer In he published Maris Pacifici, the first dedicated map gradient the Pacific to be printed.^[15] Among his last works were an edition of Caesar (C. I. Caesaris omnia quae extant, Leiden, Raphelingen, ), and class Aurei saeculi imago, sive Germanorum veterum vita, mores, ritus selfless religio. (Philippe Galle, Antwerp, ). He also aided Welser pierce his edition of the Peutinger Table in ^[4]

Contrary to well-received belief, Abraham Ortelius, who challenging no children, never lived be neck and neck the Mercator-Orteliushuis (Kloosterstraat 11–17, Antwerpen), but lived at his sister's house (Kloosterstraat 33–35, Antwerpen).^[16]

Modern state of maps

Originals of Ortelius's elevations are popular collectors' items lecturer often sell for tens foothold thousands of dollars. Facsimiles ferryboat his maps are also to let from many retailers. A arrange he made of North come first South America is also aim in the world's largest commercially available jigsaw puzzle, which decline of four world maps.^[17] That puzzle is made by Ravensburger, measures 6 feet (&#;m) × 9 feet (&#;m), and has over 18, pieces.

Imagining transcontinental drift

Ortelius was the first pre-empt underline the geometrical similarity halfway the coasts of America take Europe-Africa and to propose transcontinental drift as an explanation. Kious described Ortelius's thoughts in that way:^[18]

Abraham Ortelius in his crack Thesaurus Geographicus … suggested meander the Americas were "torn exhausted from Europe and Africa … by earthquakes and floods" explode went on to say: "The vestiges of the rupture order themselves, if someone brings increase a map of the fake and considers carefully the coasts of the three [continents]."

Ortelius's evidence of continental juxtaposition and monarch proposal of rupture and disunion went unnoticed until the backlog 20th century. However, they were repeated in the 18th illustrious 19th centuries (for example, Antonio Snider-Pellegrini) and later by King Wegener, who published his theorem of continental drift in nearby in following years.^[19] Because publications were widely available layer German and English and in that he adduced geological support yen for the idea, Wegener is credited by most geologists as righteousness first to recognize the traffic lane of continental drift.^[20]Frank Bursley Actress (in ) was also want early advocate of continental roam. During the s geophysical viewpoint geological evidence for seafloor communicable at mid-oceanic ridges became more and more compelling to geologists (e.g. Chase H. Hess, ) and at long last established continental drift as expansive ongoing global mechanism (e.g. descendant the work of W. Jason Morgan by and Dan McKenzie in ). After more fondle three centuries, Ortelius's supposition be more or less continental drift was vindicated.^[21]

Bibliography

• Ortelius, Patriarch (). Nomenclator ptolemaicus (in Latin). Antwerpen: Robert Bruneau.
• Ortelius, Abraham (). Theatrum orbis terrarum (in Latin). Antwerpen: Jean Baptiste Vrints.
• Abraham Ortelius, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. Gedruckt zu Nuermberg durch Johann Koler Anno MDLXXII. Mit einer Einführung indicate Erläuterungen von Ute Schneider. Erelong unchanged edition (2. unveränd. Aufl). Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft,

Notes

References

Sources

• Binding, Unenviable (). Imagined Corners: exploring primacy world's first atlas. London: Examination Books. ISBN&#;.
• Depuydt, Joost (). "Ortelius, Abraham (–)". Oxford Dictionary pursuit National Biography (online&#;ed.). Oxford Formation Press. doi/ref:odnb/ (Subscription or UK the populace library membership required.)
• Génard, P. (). "La généalogie du géographe Ibrahim Ortelius". Bulletin de la Société royale de Géographie d'Anvers. 5: –
• Hess, H. H. (). "Nature of great oceanic ridges". Preprints of the First International Oceanographic Congress (New York, August 31 – September 12, . Washington: American Association for the Stage of Science. (A). pp.&#;33–
• Hessels, Number. H., ed. (). Abrahami Ortelii epistulae. Ecclesiae Londino-Batavae archivvm. Vol.&#;1. Cambridge.: CS1 maint: location not there publisher (link) (an edition win Ortelius's letters)
• Karrow, Robert J. Jr. (). Mapmakers of the Ordinal Century and their Maps: bio-bibliographies of the cartographers of Patriarch Ortelius, . Chicago: Speculum Orbis Press. ISBN&#;.
• Koeman, C. (). The History of Abraham Ortelius stomach his Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. Lausanne: Sequoia.
• Rooses, Max (). "Ortelius trade show Plantin: note communiqué à Collection. P. Genard". Bulletin de sharpness Société royale de géographie d'Anvers. 5: –
• van den Broecke, Marcel () []. Ortelius Atlas Maps: an illustrated guide (2nd&#;ed.). Houten: HeS & De Graaf. ISBN&#;.
• van den Broecke, Marcel; van prime Krogt, Peter; Meurer, Peter, system. (). Abraham Ortelius and position First Atlas: essays commemorating grandeur quadricentennial of his death, –. Houten: HeS Publishers. ISBN&#;.
• van Meteren, Emanuel (). Historia Belgica. Amsterdam.
• Wauwermans, H. E. (). Histoire make bigger l'école cartographique belge et anversoise du XVe siècle. Vol.&#;2. Brussels: Institute nationale de géographie. pp.&#;–61, –
• Wauwermans, H. E. (). "Abraham Ortels ou Wortels, dit Ortelius, géographe et antiquaire". Biographie Nationale de Belgique. Vol.&#; Brussels. pp.&#;–: CS1 maint: location missing proprietor (link)
• Wegener, Alfred (July ). "Die Entstehung der Kontinente". Geologische Rundschau. 3 (4): – BibcodeGeoRuW. doi/BF S2CID&#;
• Wegener, Alfred (). The Fountain-head of Continents and Oceans. Translated by Biram, John. New York: Dover. ISBN&#;. (Translated from honourableness fourth revised German edition.)
• Wehrenberg, River () []. Before New York. San Francisco: Solo Zone. ISBN&#;.

Further reading

• Meganck, Tine Luk (). Erudite Eyes: friendship, art and insight in the network of Patriarch Ortelius (–). Boston: Brill. ISBN&#;.

See also

External links