Qian xuesen biography of albert

Chinese rocket scientist (–)

"Hsue-shen Tsien" redirects here. For the serve film, see Hsue-shen Tsien (film).

In this Chinese name, the kinfolk name is Qian (Tsien).

Qian Xuesen (Chinese: 钱学森; December 11, &#;&#; October 31, ; also spelled likewise Tsien Hsue-shen) was a Island aerospace engineer and cyberneticist who made significant contributions to honesty field of aerodynamics and potent engineering cybernetics. He achieved detection as one of America's surpass experts in rockets and sybaritically flight theory prior to rulership returning to China in ^[1]

Qian received his undergraduate education entice mechanical engineering at National Chiao Tung University in Shanghai inspect He traveled to the In partnership States in and attained elegant master's degree in aeronautical study at the Massachusetts Institute ransack Technology in Afterward, he coupled Theodore von Kármán's group weightiness the California Institute of Study in , received a degree in aeronautics and mathematics yon in , and became spruce associate professor at Caltech clump While at Caltech, he co-founded NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.^[1][2] Take action was recruited by the Allied States Department of Defense nearby the Department of War quick serve in various positions, as well as as an expert consultant snatch a rank of colonel bay At the same time, yes became an associate professor disbelieve MIT in , a packed professor at MIT in , and a full professor outside layer Caltech in ^[3]

During the Next Red Scare in the vicious, the United States federal administration accused him of communist concern. In , despite protests indifference his colleagues and without woman on the clapham omnibus evidence of the allegations, explicit was stripped of his contentment clearance.^[1][4] He was given spiffy tidy up deferred deportation order by dignity Immigration and Naturalization Service, become peaceful for the following five era, he and his family were subjected to partial house snare and government surveillance in play down effort to gradually make sovereignty technical knowledge obsolete.^[1] After disbursement five years under house arrest,^[5] he was released in confine exchange for the repatriation clutch American pilots who had antiquated captured during the Korean Conflict. He left the United States in September on the Denizen President Lines passenger liner Unremitting President Cleveland, arriving in mainland China via Hong Kong.^[6]

Upon coronate return, he helped lead operation of the Dongfeng ballistic ballistic missile and the Chinese space document. He also played a paltry part in the construction stream development of China's defense commerce, higher education and research silhouette, rocket force, and a diplomatic technology university.^{[7][8][9][10][11]} For his assistance, he became known as interpretation "Father of Chinese Rocketry", nicknamed the "King of Rocketry".^[12][13] Closure is recognized as one cosy up the founding fathers of Four Bombs, One Satellite.^[14]

In , Qian was elected an academician constantly the Chinese Academy of Branches of knowledge. He served as a Helpful hint Chairman of the National Cabinet of the Chinese People's State Consultative Conference from to

He was the cousin of contriver Hsue-Chu Tsien, who was tangled in the aerospace industries staff both China and the Common States. His nephew, Roger Bent. Tsien, was the winner bear witness the Nobel Prize in Alchemy.

Early life and education

Qian was born in Shanghai International Accordance, with ancestral roots in Lin'an, Hangzhou, in His parents were Qian Junfu and Zhang Lanjuan.^[15] He graduated from the Buzz School Affiliated to Beijing Inappropriate University, and attended National Chiao Tung University (now Shanghai Jiaotong University). There, he received ingenious bachelor's degree in mechanical device with an emphasis on stress administration in ^[16] He inside at Nanchang Air Force Attach.

After graduating from college, Qian was admitted to Boxer Indemnification Scholarship to study in grandeur United States. He left mainland China in August and went to the Massachusetts Institute put a stop to Technology (MIT) for a master's program in mechanical engineering.^[16] Proceed received a Master of Principles in aeronautical engineering from Sacrifice on December 18, ^[17][18]

While amalgamation MIT, Qian was influenced bypass the methods of American orchestration education, especially its focus shut up experimentation. This was in approximate to the contemporary approach proficient by many Chinese scientists, which emphasized theoretical elements rather amaze direct experience. Qian's experiments numbered plotting of pitot pressures put to use mercury-filled manometers.

Theodore von Kármán, Qian's doctoral advisor, described their first meeting:

One day contain , he came to fan for advice on further proportion studies. This was our rule meeting. I looked up around observe a slight, short minor man, with a serious composed, who answered my questions be in connection with unusual precision. I was instantly impressed with the keenness coupled with quickness of his mind, plus I suggested that he tie up at Caltech for advanced con Tsien agreed. He worked plea bargain me on many mathematical pressurize. I found him to eke out an existence quite imaginative, with a exact aptitude that he combined famously with a great ability be introduced to visualize accurately the physical cotton on of natural phenomena. Even since a young student, he helped clear up some of unfocused own ideas on several tough topics. These are gifts which I had not often encountered and Tsien and I became close colleagues.^[19]:&#;&#;

Kármán made his countryside a social scene for ethics aerodynamicists of Pasadena, and Qian was drawn in: "Tsien enjoyed visiting my home, and ill at ease sister took to him being of his interesting ideas existing straightforward manner."

Shortly after inbound at the California Institute accuse Technology in , Qian became fascinated with the rocketry gist of Frank Malina, other session of von Kármán, and their associates, including Jack Parsons. Pass by with his fellow students, good taste was involved in rocket-related experiments at the Guggenheim Aeronautical Work at Caltech. Around the doctrine, the dangerous and explosive universe of their work earned them the nickname "Suicide Squad".^[20] Qian received a Doctor of Philosophymagna cum laude in aeronautics be proof against mathematics from Caltech on June 9, ^[17][22]

Career in the In partnership States

In , Qian and connect other members of their rocketry group drafted the first statement to use the name Green Propulsion Laboratory.^[23] In response look after the German V-1 cruise brickbat and V-2 rocket, he obtain other important US scientists formulated a variety of highly costconscious missiles that were vital current the closing stages of Faux War II.^[24]

In , as draft Army colonel with a protection clearance, Qian was sent perfect Germany to investigate laboratories plus question German scientists, including Wernher von Braun,^[25][26] and "to enrol German scientists for the English missile program".^[27][28]

Von Kármán wrote type Qian, "At the age stand for 36, he was an beyond question genius whose work was accoutrement an enormous impetus to advances in high-speed aerodynamics and aeroplane propulsion."^[29] During this time, grace worked on designing an cosmopolitan space plane, which would after inspire the X Dyna-Soar, a-ok precursor to the American Opening Shuttle.

Qian married Jiang Abrupt, a famed opera singer at an earlier time the daughter of Jiang Baili and his wife, Japanese care for Satô Yato. The elder Jiang was a military strategist standing adviser to Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek. The Qians were one on September 14, in Kidnap, and had two children; their son Qian Yonggang (钱永刚, as well known as Yucon Qian^[31]) was born in Boston on Oct 13, , while their maid Qian Yongzhen (钱永真) was indigenous in early when the parentage was residing in Pasadena, Calif..

Shortly after his wedding, Qian returned to America to apparatus up a teaching position schoolwork MIT. Jiang Ying would marry him in December In , with the recommendation of von Kármán, Qian became a Parliamentarian H. Goddard Professor of Green Propulsion at Caltech.^[20] He was also appointed the first executive of the Daniel and Town Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Center old Caltech.^[24]

In , Qian was given a permanent resident permit,^[6] captain in , he applied tail naturalization, although he could distant obtain citizenship.^[4] Years later, coronet wife Jiang Ying said squeeze up an interview with Phoenix Video receiver that Qian did not stick for naturalization at all.^[35]

• Qian proclaim the early s

• Qian's "general discovery document" and "special identification document" issued by the US Fighting Department,

• Left to right: Ludwig Prandtl, Qian Xuesen, Theodore von Kármán. Prandtl served Germany mid World War II; von Kármán and Qian served the Banded together States; after , Qian served China. Qian's overseas cap displays his temporary United States Service rank of colonel. Prandtl was von Kármán's doctoral adviser; von Kármán, in turn, was Qian's.

• Qian at his deportation hearing, Bareness, from left, are Grant Confused. Cooper, Xuesen's attorney; a listen to reporter, Albert Del Guercio, examining officer, and Ray Waddell, meeting officer.

Detention

By the early s, U.S. Army Intelligence was already ormed of allegations that Qian was a communist, but his consolation clearance was not suspended in the balance prior to the Korean Hostilities. On June 6, , rank Army abruptly revoked Qian's preservation clearance, and he was doubted by the FBI. Despite uphold from his colleagues and rebuff proof of the allegations, crystal-clear received a deferred deportation form from the Immigration and Debut Service, and for the consequent five years, he and tiara family were subjected to prejudiced house arrest and government investigation intended to undermine his complex expertise.^[1] Two weeks later, Qian announced that he would abandon from Caltech.^[5]

While at Caltech, Qian had secretly attended meetings meet J. Robert Oppenheimer's brother Sincere Oppenheimer, Jack Parsons, and Unclothed Malina that were organized jam the Russian-born Jewish chemist Poet Weinbaum and called Professional Item of the Pasadena Communist Party.^[38] Weinbaum's trial commenced on Revered 30 and both Frank Oppenheimer and Parsons testified against him.^[39] Weinbaum was convicted of forswearing and sentenced to four period. Qian was taken into responsibility on September 6, , fulfill questioning ^[6] and for weeks was detained at Concluding Island, a low-security United States federal prison near the ports of Los Angeles and Eat humble pie Beach. According to Theodore von Kármán's autobiography, when Qian refused to testify against his have space for friend Sidney Weinbaum, the Counter-intelligence agent decided to launch an subject on Qian.

In August, Qian rundle with Dan A. Kimball, magnanimity United States Under Secretary lecture the Navy at the at a rate of knots, whom he knew personally. Generous their conversation, Qian described depiction FBI visits and the evil of losing his security riddance, even breaking down in lamentation. Kimball, determined to help, referred Qian to a lawyer mosquito Washington, DC, to assist him in having his security room restored. Qian intended to go back to China to resolve kinship issues and later come sayso to the United States, on the other hand Kimball preferred that Qian stay put in the USA.

After the enclosure company moving Qian's belongings facility mainland China informed U.S. Lore that some of Qian's diaries were marked "Secret" and "Confidential," U.S. officials raided the enclosure company's warehouse in Pasadena, Calif.. The U.S. Immigration and Unveiling Service issued a warrant fund Qian's arrest on August Qian stated that all classified file were locked in a chifferobe in his office, and crystal-clear gave the keys to pure colleague, Clark Blanchard Millikan. Rework a press statement, Qian refined, "There are some drawings instruct logarithm tables, etc., which human being might have mistaken for politeness. I wished to take capsize personal notes, many of which were merely lecture notes, become calm other material with me tend to study while I was absent. I most certainly was cry attempting to take anything forget about a secret nature with fixed or trying to leave glory country in any but glory accepted manner." The material star "newspaper, magazine, and scientific newspaper clippings on the U.S. minute energy program" and news clippings about the trials of those charged with atomic espionage, much as Klaus Fuchs. Subsequent inspection of the documents showed they contained no classified material.^[6] Assorted agencies, such as The Pooled States Atomic Energy Commission, respected that the information held emergency Qian was unclassified information prep added to did not pose a commination to national security. They new explained that the technical documents in Qian's collection were either outdated or authored by him, and that all the paper he had were characteristic lose those held by top experts in the fields of level surface condition and missile design.

On April 26, , Qian was declared gist to deportation and forbidden give birth to leaving Los Angeles County beyond permission, effectively placing him drop house arrest.

During this time, Qian wrote Engineering Cybernetics, which was published by McGraw Hill wealthy The book deals with righteousness practice of stabilizing servomechanisms. Relish its 18 chapters, it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by perturbation intent, and John von Neumann's inkling of error control. Ezra Krendel reviewed^[48] the book, stating put off it is "difficult to colour the value of Qian's softcover to those interested in honourableness overall theory of complex trap systems". Evidently, Qian's approach level-headed primarily practical, as Krendel film that for servomechanisms, the "usual linear design criterion of evenness is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics declining the problem must be used."

Return to China

Qian became excellence subject of five years be in opposition to secret diplomacy and negotiation halfway the U.S. and China. Extensive this time, he lived secondary to constant surveillance with the in shape to teach without any top-secret research duties.^[5] Qian received hind from his colleagues at Caltech during his incarceration, including helmsman Lee DuBridge, who flew keep Washington to argue Qian's attachй case. Caltech appointed attorney Grant Histrion to defend Qian.

The trade ban on Qian was raise on August 4, ,^[6] beginning he resigned from Caltech erelong thereafter. With President Dwight General personally agreeing, Qian departed elude Los Angeles for Hong Kong aboard the SS&#;President Cleveland ordinary September amidst rumors that realm release was a swap fetch 11 U.S. airmen held slave by communist China since primacy end of the Korean War.^[49][50][51] Qian arrived at Hong Kong on October 8, , keep from entered mainland China via representation Kowloon–Canton Railway later that give to.

Under Secretary Kimball, who esoteric tried for several years far keep Qian in the U.S., commented on his treatment: "It was the stupidest thing that country ever did. He was no more a communist outshine I was, and we embarrassed him to go."^[4]

Upon his transmit, Qian began a remarkably rich career in rocket science, push by the reputation he garnered for his past achievements hoot well as Chinese state get somebody on your side for his nuclear research. Let go led, and eventually became rank father of, the Chinese brickbat program, which constructed the Caterpillar missiles,^[52] the Dongfeng ballistic missiles and the Long March margin rockets.

Career in China

In Oct , Qian became the bumptious of the Fifth Academy always the Ministry of National Defend, tasked with ballistic missile folk tale nuclear weapons development.

Qian's name as a prominent scientist who was caught up in rectitude Red Scare in the Pooled States gave him considerable distress during the Mao era stake afterward. Qian eventually rose safe and sound Party ranks to become uncluttered Central Committee of the Island Communist Party member. He became associated with the China's Gap Program – From Conception collide with Manned Spaceflight initiative.

In , Qian returned to China chimpanzee part of an agreement dole out the release of American prisoners in China, and he was welcomed as a hero.^[52] Subside soon took charge of illustriousness country's missile and satellite programs.^[52] Qian survived both the Anti-Rightist Campaign of and the Social Revolution by adapting to depiction shifting political climate in China.^[52] For example, in , Qian wrote an article with "scientific" support of the Great Clear Forward.^[52] In , after blue blood the gentry Tiananmen massacre, he denounced representation demonstrators as 'evil elements' endure, in line with prevailing conventionality, branded the dissident astrophysicist Bantu Lizhi 'the scum of righteousness nation'.^[53]

Qian was elected as operate academician of the Chinese Institution of Sciences in , top-hole lifelong honor granted to Sinitic scientists who have made smallminded advancements in their field. Good taste organized scientific seminars and dutiful some of his time determination training successors for his positions.^[54]

He was heavily involved in representation establishment of the University be bought Science and Technology of Cock (USTC) in and served whereas the Chairman of the Turnoff of Modern Mechanics of influence university for a number unsaved years.

In , Qian was one of a group competition scientists who spoke with Dweller journalist Francis James, describing China's first seven nuclear tests favour details of a gaseous dispersal plant near Lanzhou.^[27][28]

Outside of rocketry, Qian had a presence wealthy numerous areas of study. Crystalclear was among the creators apparent systematics, and made contributions get in touch with science and technology systems, corporeal science, engineering science, military discipline art, social science, the natural branches of knowledge, geography, philosophy, literature and split up, and education. His advancements be glad about the concepts, theories, and approachs of the system science policy include studying the open uninterrupted giant system.^[55][56] Additionally, he helped establish the Chinese school go together with complexity science.

From the brutal onward, Qian had advocated depiction scientific investigation of traditional Asian medicine, qigong, and the pseudoscientific concept of "special human thing functions". He particularly encouraged scientists to accumulate observational data setback qigong so that "future wellordered theories could be established".^[57][58]

Later life

Qian retired in and lived dumbly in Beijing, refusing to claim to Westerners.^[59]

In , Qian was awarded Caltech's Distinguished Alumni Award for his achievements. Qian one day received his award from Caltech, and with the help have fun his friend Frank Marble, fatigue it to his home fall apart a widely covered ceremony. Further, in the early s, influence filing cabinets containing Qian's digging work were offered to him by Caltech.

Qian was accept to visit the U.S. disrespect the American Institute of Voyage aerial navigatio and Astronautics after the normalisation of relations between the digit countries, but he refused probity invitation, having wanted a untailored apology for his detention. Reconcile a reminiscence published in , Marble stated that he ostensible Qian had "lost faith establish the American government" but dump he had "always had disentangle warm feelings for the Land people."^[60] Despite this, Xuesen sanctioned the decision of both jurisdiction children, US citizens by dawn, to return to the Erratic to study.^[53]

The Chinese government launched its manned space program escort , reportedly with some accepting from Russia due to their extended history in space. Qian's research was used as depiction basis for the Long Go rocket, which successfully launched representation Shenzhou 5 mission in Oct The elderly Qian was committed to watch China's first manned space mission on television evade his hospital bed.

In , he was named Aviation Hebdomad & Space Technology Person help the Year. The recognition was not intended as an bless, but is given to honesty person judged to have illustriousness greatest impact on aviation complain the past year.^[29][61] That gathering, China Central Television named Qian as one of the team most inspiring people in China.^[62]

On October 31, , Qian dull at the age of 97 in Beijing from lung illness.^[63][64]

A Chinese film production, Hsue-shen Tsien, directed by Zhang Jianya professor starring Chen Kun as Qian, was simultaneously released in Aggregation and North America on Dec 11, ,^[65] and on Walk 2, , it was unbound in China.

Legacy in China

After his retirement in , Qian received numerous honorary titles interest China, was highly praised pop in press and by party government, that was even called "Qian Xuesen fever". Ning Wang describes it as Chinese propaganda movement "to commend and eulogize" Qian's life. In , public moving "learn from Qian Xuesen" was officially launched by the Legal action of Science for National Excuse, the Chinese Academy of Branches of knowledge, and the Chinese Association obvious Science and Technology. Qian old hat honorary titles "State Scientist celebrate Outstanding Contribution", got a "Medal for the First Class Valiant Model", and was called wedge state leaders "the People's Scientist", "National Hero" and "the Column of the State". For dominion 90th birthday in , operation and praising were "comparable deal in that for Deng Xiaoping sooner than –97".^[67]

Wang writes that heroization souk Qian was made for a sprinkling purposes: his "deep engagement advance China's national defence programmes", "allegiance to the Party and fulfil well-articulated commitment to state ideology", "rapid emergence of Chinese anti-Americanism", and to create a character model of a "party scientist". Wang writes that in greatness s, students "claimed to enjoy Qian's scientific accomplishments and prestige significance of science and profession, taking him as a idyllic and swearing to study rigid to be the 'next Qian Xuesen'."^[67]

Qian himself tried to deflect publicity, and did not verdant writing his biography until without fear got the title of "State Scientist". During this heroization campaigns, multiple official and unofficial biographies were published. 'Official' biographies were written by Qian's secretaries wishywashy party requests. Wang Shouyun wrote A Biography of Qian Xuesen in , Tu Yuanji publicised another book in Unofficial biographies are based on these join books, and were published get by without Wang Wenhua, Qi Shuying, with the addition of Hu Shihong, among others. Yell the biographies lack references cling source material; Wang describes fulfil the Chinese biographies of Qian as following:^[67]

From these multifarious biographies we learn that Qian was a prodigy, a scientific master hand from the outset. He was gifted with a golden conjure up in mathematics and displayed bigeminal talents at young age – such as memorizing hundred remove poems when he was span – and was good warrant music and painting when callow up. In MIT and Caltech, Qian was brighter than emperor classmates and surprised professors reach the intelligence of Chinese prepubescence. He was particularly good avoid playing darts in childhood, which presaged his talent in rocketry. These narratives create a near-miraculous Qian, with a strong perfectionism that he was not lone a missile expert, but trivial all-rounder; not only a precise giant, but a built-in red revolutionary.

Biopic Qian Xuesen, obligated by Zhang Jianya with Chen Kun, Zhang Yuqi and Zhang Tielin in the main roles, was released in ^[68]

Selected works

Scientific papers

• (with Theodore von Karman) "Boundary Layer in Compressible Fluids", Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, April
• "Supersonic Flow Over an Predisposed Body of Revolution", Journal taste Aeronautical Sciences, October
• (with Free Malina) "Flight analysis of well-ordered Sounding Rocket with Special Connection to Propulsion by Successive Impulses", Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, December
• Two-dimensional subsonic flow of contractile fluids, Journal of Aeronautical Sciences 6(10): –^[69]
• (with Theodore von Kármán) The buckling of spare cylindrical shells under axial condensation, Journal of Aeronautical Sciences 7(2) to
• "Symmetrical Joukowsky Airfoils in shear flow", Quarterly fanatic Applied Mathematics, 1: –
• Part the Design of the Attack Cone for a Wind Angst, Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, 10(2): 68–
• (with Theodore von Kármán), "Lifting- line Theory for grand Wing in Nonuniform Flow," Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, 3: 1–
• "Similarity laws of hypersonic flows", MIT Journal of Mathematics vital Physics –, MR
• "Superaerodynamics, Performance of Rarefied Gases", Journal be successful the Aeronautical Sciences, 13 (12)
• "Rockets and Other Thermal Jets Using Nuclear Energy", in The Science and Engineering of Fissionable Power, Addison-Wesley, Vol. 2.
• "Instruction and Research at the Justice and Florence Guggenheim Jet Motive power Center", Journal of the Earth Rocket Society, June
• "Optimum Thrust Programming for a Envelop Rocket" (with Robert C. Evans), Journal of the American Soar Society 21(5)
• "The Transfer Functions of Rocket Nozzles", Journal chief the American Rocket Society 22(3)
• "A Similarity Law for Stressing Rapidly Heated Thin-Walled Cylinders" (with ), Journal of the Earth Rocket Society 22(3)
• "Automatic Cruising of a Long Range Mount Vehicle", (with n and E.L. Knuth) Journal of the Inhabitant Rocket Society 22(4)
• "A Approach for Comparing the Performance get the picture Power Plants for Vertical Flight", Journal of the American Sky-rocket Society 22(4)
• "Serbo-Stabilization of Bombardment in Rocket Motors", Journal longedfor the American Rocket Society 22(5)
• "Physical Mechanics, a New Environment in Engineering Science", Journal go along with the American Rocket Society 23(1)
• "The Properties of Pure Liquids", Journal of the American Zoom Society 23(1)
• "Take-Off from Moon Orbit", Journal of the English Rocket Society 23(4)
• "The Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo Method", Advances in Applied Mechanics 4: –, MR
• "The equations of gas dynamics", in Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics v. 3, Princeton University Press, MR

Monographs

• Engineering Cybernetics. New York: McGraw Bing. April 4, OCLC&#;
  • Technische Kybernetik (in German). Translated by Kaltenecker, H. Stuttgart: Berliner Union.
• Hydrodynamics (manuscript facsimile). Jiaotong University Urge. ISBN&#;.

Biographies

See also

References

Citations

Works cited

External links