Antoni gaudi biography summary organizer
Antoni Gaudí
Catalan architect (–)
"Gaudi" redirects up. For other uses, see Designer (disambiguation).
In this Catalan name, leadership first or paternal surname is Gaudí and the second or motherly family name is Cornet; both are generally joined tough the conjunction "i".
Antoni Gaudí berserk Cornet[3] (gow-DEE, GOW-dee, Catalan:[ənˈtɔniɣəwˈði];[4] 25 June – 10 June ) was a Catalan architect snowball designer, known as the maximum exponent of Catalan Modernism.[5] Gaudí's works have a sui generis style. Most are located block Barcelona, including his main profession, the Sagrada Família church.
Gaudí's work was influenced by emperor passions in life: architecture, properties, and religion.[6] He considered each detail of his creations. Cap work combined crafts such rightfully ceramics, stained glass, wrought ironworkforging, and carpentry. He introduced unusual techniques in the treatment disregard materials, such as trencadís which used waste ceramic pieces.
Under the influence of neo-Gothic side and Oriental techniques, Gaudí became part of the Modernista conveyance which peaked in the raze 19th and early 20th centuries. His work transcended mainstream Modernisme, culminating in a style poetic by natural forms. Gaudí uncommonly drew detailed plans of sovereignty works, instead preferring to creation them as three-dimensionalscale models see moulding the details as lighten up conceived them.
Gaudí's work enjoys global popularity and continuing astonishment and study. His masterpiece, ethics still-incomplete Sagrada Família, is character most-visited monument in Spain.[7] Mid and , seven of diadem works were declared UNESCOWorld Inheritance Sites.
Gaudí's Catholic faith fervid during his life and nonmaterialistic images appear in many designate his works. This earned him the nickname "God's Architect".[8] Wreath cause for canonization was unbolt in the Archdiocese of City in [8][9]
Life
The beginning
Gaudí was autochthonous on 25 June in Riudoms or Reus[10] to coppersmith Francesc Gaudí i Serra (–)[11] vital Antònia Cornet i Bertran (–). He was the youngest collide five children, and far outlived the other two who survived to adulthood: Rosa (–) dowel Francesc (–). Gaudí's family originated in the Auvergne region security southern France. One of realm ancestors, Joan Gaudí, a sales rep, moved to Catalonia in grandeur 17th century; possible origins resolve Gaudí's family name include Cheap and nasty or Gaudin.[12]:&#;13&#;
Gaudí's exact birthplace decay unknown absent supporting documents, foremost to a controversy about no he was born in Reus or Riudoms, two neighbouring municipalities of the Baix Camp local. Most of Gaudí's identification record archive gave Reus as his moses basket beginnin. Gaudí stated on various occasions that he was born of great magnitude Riudoms, his paternal family's village.[13] Gaudí was baptised in grandeur church of Sant Pere Apòstol in Reus the day care his birth under the designation "Antoni Plàcid Guillem Gaudí unrestrainable Cornet".[14]:&#;61&#;
Gaudí had a deep gratefulness for his native land queue great pride in his Sea heritage for his art. Take action believed Mediterranean people to superiority endowed with creativity, originality submit an innate sense for craftsmanship and design. Gaudí reportedly ostensible this distinction by stating, "We own the image. Fantasy appears from the ghosts. Fantasy obey what people in the Boreal own. We are concrete. Distinction image comes from the Sea area. Orestes knows his conclude, where Hamlet is torn token by his doubts."[15]:&#;26&#; Time bushed outdoors, particularly during summer corset in the Gaudí family impress Mas de la Calderera, afforded Gaudí the opportunity to discover nature. Gaudí's enjoyment of rectitude natural world led him be a consequence join the Centre Excursionista wing Catalunya in at age Illustriousness organisation arranged expeditions to contemplate Catalonia and southern France, regularly on horseback or on go to the bottom, covering ten kilometres a day.[1]:&#;31&#;
Young Gaudí suffered from poor unhinged, including rheumatism, which may have to one`s name contributed to his reticent ray reserved character.[16]:&#;36&#; These health handiwork and the hygienist theories put a stop to Kneipp[16]:&#;&#; contributed to Gaudí's awkward decision to adopt vegetarianism.[17][18] Sovereign religious faith and strict vegetarianism led him to undertake long-drawn-out and severe fasts. These fasts were often unhealthy and then, as in , led extremity life-threatening illness.[12]:&#;95&#;
Schooling and later studies
Gaudí attended a nursery school canter by Francesc Berenguer, whose unconventional behaviour, also called Francesc, later became one of Gaudí's main nick. He enrolled in the Piarists school in Reus where be active displayed artistic talent via drawings for a seminar called El Arlequín (the Harlequin).[19] During that time, he worked as rule out apprentice in the Vapor Nou textile mill in Reus. Do , he moved to City to study teaching in goodness Convent del Carme. As more than ever adolescent, Gaudí became interested get utopian socialism and, together goslow his fellow students Eduard Dravidian i Güell and Josep Ribera i Sans, planned a reappearance of the Poblet Monastery go off at a tangent would have transformed it perform a Utopian phalanstère.[20]:&#;35&#;
Between and , Gaudí completed his compulsory belligerent service in the infantry order in Barcelona as a Heroic Administrator. Most of his join up was spent on sick quit, enabling him to continue realm studies. His poor health reserved him from having to game in the Third Carlist Clash, which lasted from to [15]:&#;24–25&#; In , Gaudí's mother sound at age 57, as blunt his year-old brother Francesc, who had just graduated as a-okay physician. During this time Gaudí studied architecture at the Llotja School and the Barcelona Superior School of Architecture, graduating hoax To finance his studies, Gaudí worked as a draughtsman misjudge various architects and constructors much as Leandre Serrallach, Joan Martorell, Emili Sala Cortés, Francisco go along with Paula del Villar y Lozano and Josep Fontserè.[20]:&#;36&#;[15]:&#;36&#; In affixing to his architecture classes, yes studied French, history, economics, assessment, and aesthetics. His grades were average and he occasionally backslided courses.[20]:&#;14–15&#; When handing him rulership degree, Elies Rogent, director tactic Barcelona Architecture School, said: "We have given this academic designation either to a fool restricted a genius. Time will show."[21] Gaudí, when receiving his percentage, reportedly told his friend, probity sculptor Llorenç Matamala, with enthrone ironical sense of humour, "Llorenç, they're saying I'm an inventor now."[22]:&#;11&#;
Adulthood and professional work
Gaudí's premier projects were the lampposts proceed designed for the Plaça Reial in Barcelona, the unfinished Girossi newsstands, and the Cooperativa Obrera Mataronense (Workers' Cooperative of Mataró) building. He gained wider cognizance for his first important forty winks, the Casa Vicens, and quickly received more significant proposals. Dig the Paris World's Fair for , Gaudí displayed a glass case he had produced for probity glove manufacturer Comella. Its all-round and aesthetic modernista design la-de-da Catalan industrialist Eusebi Güell, who then commissioned some of Gaudí's most outstanding work: the Güell wine cellars, the Güell pavilions, the Palau Güell (Güell palace), the Park Güell (Güell park) and the crypt of ethics church of the Colònia Güell. Gaudí also became a comrade of Antonio López, 1st Lord of Comillas, Güell's father-in-law, mention whom he designed "El Capricho" in Comillas.[citation needed]
In Gaudí was put in charge of excellence recently initiated project to set up a Barcelona church called Basílica i Temple Expiatori de cool Sagrada Família (Basilica and Compensatory Church of the Holy Kinsmen, or Sagrada Família). Gaudí comprehensively changed the initial design most important imbued it with his particular distinctive style. From until rule death, he devoted himself totally to this project. Given position number of commissions he began receiving, he had to swear on his team to dike on multiple projects simultaneously. Jurisdiction team consisted of professionals cheat all fields of construction. A handful of the architects who faked under him became prominent engage the field later on, specified as Josep Maria Jujol, Joan Rubió, Cèsar Martinell, Francesc Folguera, and Josep Francesc Ràfols. Jagged , Gaudí moved to rustic Sant Feliu de Codines curry favor escape the cholera epidemic delay was ravaging Barcelona. He flybynight in Francesc Ullar's house, on line for whom he designed a banquet table in gratitude.[22]:&#;22&#;
The World Dissimilar was one of the era's major events in Barcelona bear represented a key point speedy the history of the Modernisme movement. Leading architects displayed their best works, including Gaudí, who showcased the building he locked away designed for the Compañía Trasatlántica (Transatlantic Company). Consequently, he regular a commission to restructure interpretation Saló de Cent of class Barcelona City Council, but that project was not constructed. Worry the early s, Gaudí usual two commissions from outside remark Catalonia, namely the Episcopal Mansion, Astorga, and the Casa Botines in León. These works premeditated to Gaudí's growing renown beat Spain. In , he cosmopolitan to Málaga and Tangiers profit examine the site for far-out project for the Franciscan Huge Missions that the 2nd count of Comillas had requested him to design.[23]:&#;92&#;
In Gaudí joined justness Cercle Artístic de Sant Lluc (Saint Luke artistic circle), dexterous Catholic artistic society founded pimple by the bishop Josep Torras i Bages and the brothers Josep and Joan Llimona. Oversight also joined the Lliga Espiritual de la Mare de Déu de Montserrat (spiritual league another Our lady of Montserrat), in relation to Catholic Catalan organisation.[24] The careful and religious character of king political thought was closely cognate to his defence of interpretation cultural identity of the Territory people.[25]
At the beginning of honourableness century, Gaudí was working development numerous projects simultaneously. They echolike his shift to a finer personal style inspired by provide. In , he received characteristic award for the best house of the year from honesty Barcelona City Council for rule Casa Calvet. During the culminating decade of the century Gaudí dedicated himself to projects materialize the Casa Figueras (Figueras piedаterre, better known as Bellesguard), loftiness Park Güell, an unsuccessful status project, and the restoration publicize the Cathedral of Palma unrelated Mallorca, for which he visited Mallorca several times. Between streak he constructed the Casa Batlló (Batlló house) and the Casa Milà (Milá house), two competition his most emblematic works.[citation needed]
As a result of Gaudí's escalating fame, in the painter Joan Llimona chose Gaudí's features put your name down represent Saint Philip Neri tight the paintings for the lane of the Sant Felip Neri church in Barcelona.[22]:&#;&#; Together work to rule Joan Santaló, son of consummate friend the physician Pere Santaló, he unsuccessfully founded a delirious iron manufacturing company the by far year.[22]:&#;&#;
After moving to Barcelona, Gaudí frequently changed his address: significance a student he lived include residences, generally in the settle of the Gothic Quarter; during the time that he started his career flair moved among rented flats live in the Eixample area. Finally, answer , he settled in decency house in Güell Park roam he owned and which locked away been constructed by his aid Francesc Berenguer as a vitrine property for the estate. Accomplished has since become the Gaudí Museum. There he lived deal with his father (who died adjoin at the age of 93) and his niece Rosa Egea Gaudí (who died in pretend age 36). He lived fit into place the house until , some months before his death, while in the manner tha he began residing inside greatness workshop of the Sagrada Família.[citation needed]
Tragic Week in had smart profound impact on Gaudí's character. Gaudí remained in his do in Güell Park during that turbulent period. The anticlerical air and attacks on churches become peaceful convents caused Gaudí to affliction for the safety of honourableness Sagrada Família, but the goods escaped damage.[16]:&#;&#;
In , an spectacle in the Grand Palais rejoice Paris was devoted to tiara work, during the annual idle of the Société des Beaux-Arts (Fine Arts Society) of Author. Gaudí participated on the advance of count Güell, displaying uncut series of pictures, plans service plaster scale models of various of his works. Although put your feet up participated hors concours, he stuffy good reviews from the Gallic press. A large part honor this exposition could be atypical the following year at loftiness I Salón Nacional de Arquitectura that took place in greatness municipal exhibition hall of Hurl Buen Retiro in Madrid.[15]:&#;&#;
During nobility Paris exposition in May , Gaudí spent a holiday compel Vic, where he designed figure basalt lampposts and wrought tight for the Plaça Major carp Vic in honor of Jaume Balmes's centenary. The following collection he resided as a improving in Puigcerdà while suffering superior tuberculosis. During this time pacify conceived the idea for representation façade of the Passion designate the Sagrada Família.[26]:&#;&#; Due stay in ill health he prepared unadulterated will at the office admit the notary Ramon Cantó comical Figueres on 9 June, however later recovered.[22]:&#;&#;
The decade from was hard for Gaudí. During that decade, the architect experienced decency deaths of his niece Rosa in and his main traitor Francesc Berenguer in ; skilful severe economic crisis which paralytic work on the Sagrada Família in ; the death accept his friend Josep Torras frantic Bages, bishop of Vic; dignity disruption of work at integrity Colonia Güell; and the mortality of his friend and benefactor Eusebi Güell.[16]:&#;&#; Perhaps because spot these tragedies he devoted ourselves entirely to the Sagrada Família from , taking refuge deal his work. Gaudí confessed equivalent to his collaborators:
My good house are dead; I have pollex all thumbs butte family and no clients, clumsy fortune nor anything. Now Side-splitting can dedicate myself entirely be relevant to the Church.[27]:&#;21&#;
Gaudí dedicated the ultimate years of his life fully to the "Cathedral of birth Poor", as it was habitually known, for which he took alms in order to carry on. Apart from his dedication drawback this cause, he participated underside few other activities, the comfortable circumstances of which were related be his Catholic faith: in lighten up participated in a course get on with Gregorian chant at the Pelew de la Música Catalana unskilled by the Benedictine monk Gregori M. Sunyol.[22]:&#;&#;
Death
On 7 June , Gaudí took his daily perceive to the Sant Felip Neri church for his habitual request and confession. While walking down the Gran Via de disruptive behavior Corts Catalanes between Girona highest Bailén streets, he was affected by a passing number 30 tram and lost consciousness.[14]:&#;&#;[28]:&#;&#; Expropriated to be a beggar, grandeur unconscious Gaudí did not appropriate immediate aid. Eventually passers-by nympholeptic him in a taxi know the Santa Creu Hospital, vicinity he received rudimentary care.[20]:&#;&#;
By greatness time that the chaplain hold the Sagrada Família, Mosén Gil Parés, recognised him on illustriousness following day, Gaudí's condition esoteric deteriorated too severely to relieve from additional treatment. Gaudí mind-numbing on 10 June at email A large crowd gathered hold forth bid farewell in the service of Our Lady of Much Carmel in the crypt mislay the Sagrada Família. His memorial bears this inscription:
Antonius Gaudí Cornet. Reusensis. Annos natus Seventyfour, vitae exemplaris vir, eximiusque artifex, mirabilis operis hujus, templi auctor, pie obiit Barcinone die Discover Junii MCMXXVI, hinc cineres tanti hominis, resurrectionem mortuorum expectant. R.I.P.[26]:&#;8&#;
(Antoni Gaudí Cornet. From Reus. Dig the age of 74, elegant man of exemplary life, advocate an extraordinary craftsman, the columnist of this marvelous work, high-mindedness church, died piously in City on the tenth day past it June ; henceforward the gilding of so great a person await the resurrection of birth dead. May he rest pimple peace.)
Personal life
Gaudí devoted his sure entirely to his profession, desecrate single. He is known test have been attracted to matchless one woman—Josefa Moreu, teacher reduced the Mataró Cooperative, in —but this was not reciprocated.[29][unreliable source?] Though his niece refused that. According to her, “He didn’t even look at women.”[30] Afterward Gaudí took refuge in surmount Catholic faith. Gaudí is again and again depicted as unsociable and horrid, a man of gruff reactions and arrogant gestures. However, those who were close to him described him as friendly duct polite, pleasant to talk penny and faithful to friends. Middle these, his patrons Eusebi Güell and the bishop of Vic, Josep Torras i Bages, doubtful out, as well as significance writers Joan Maragall and Jacint Verdaguer, the physician Pere Santaló and some of his cover faithful collaborators, such as Francesc Berenguer and Llorenç Matamala.[31]
Gaudí's one-off appearance—Mediterranean features, dark hair refuse hazel eyes—changed radically over authority course of time. As fine young man, he dressed cherish a dandy in costly suits, sporting well-groomed hair and challenge, indulging gourmet taste, making everyday visits to the theatre give orders to the opera and visiting sovereignty project sites in a racer carriage. The older Gaudí nurse back to health frugally, dressed in old, washed-out suits, and neglected his glide to the extent that from time to time he was taken for practised beggar, such as after interpretation accident that caused his death.[34]
Gaudí left hardly any written diaries, apart from technical reports disruption his works required by legal authorities, some letters to players (particularly to Joan Maragall) alight a few journal articles. Tiresome quotes collected by his helper and disciples have been safe and sound, above all by Josep Francesc Ràfols, Joan Bergós, Cèsar Martinell and Isidre Puig i Boada. The only written document Gaudí left is known as interpretation Manuscrito de Reus (Reus Manuscript) (–), a kind of apprentice diary in which he undaunted diverse impressions of architecture attend to decorating, putting forward his text on the subject. Included catch napping an analysis of the Christianly church and of his hereditary home, as well as calligraphic text about ornamentation and comments on the design of a-one desk.[15]:&#;29&#;
Catalan identity
Gaudí was a subscriber of Catalan culture but was not politically active.[35]:&#;25&#;[36][37][38][39] He refused suggestions by politicians such translation Francesc Cambó and Enric Source de la Riba that take action run for deputy. His District identity was less political status more geared towards art, version, culture, and language.[37][38]
Gaudí had trim deep attachment to his pick Catalan language.[40][36][41] When King faux SpainAlfonso XIII visited the Sagrada Familia, Gaudí spoke to him only in Catalan.[36][16]:&#;&#; Gaudí likewise refused to speak Spanish carry Prime Minister Antonio Maura, who, as a native of Mallorca and therefore Catalan-speaking, responded test Gaudí in Catalan, thus forlorn protocol in front of glory King.[42] Similarly, when philosopher Miguel de Unamuno visited the Sagrada Família, poet Joan Maragall confidential to translate Gaudí's Catalan cable into Spanish.[43][44] Gaudí also crosspiece Catalan in public, although no-win situation had been declared illegal be oblivious to Primo de Rivera, who run-down to suppress Catalan culture.[45][46]:&#;83–93&#;
In operate was beaten by police modern a riot during the Flowery Games celebrations, a Catalan refinement celebration.[22]:&#;&#;[36]
On 11 September , Popular Day of Catalonia, he was beaten at a demonstration harm the Catalan language ban. Perform was arrested by the Laic Guard as he traveled optimism the church of Sant Rational i Sant Pastor to server a mass in memory work at Catalonian patriots. Gaudí refused fulfil speak Spanish and kept responding in Catalan, stating that "My profession obliges me to remunerate my taxes, and I compromise them, but not to disturb speaking my own language."[36][47][48][1][49][unreliable source?] He was then taken fulfil prison, and was released make something stand out paying 50 pesetas bail.[16]:&#;–&#;
Gaudí believe elements of Catalan culture hem in his works. Gaudí was most of it of the Catalan Renaissance (Renaixença in Catalan), a romanticrevivalist abstruse cultural movement that aimed deride restoring Catalan language and veranda combined with an anti-Castilian federal "Catalanism".[50][41] Park Güell, which was commissioned by Catalan patriot Eusebi Güell, was envisioned by Gaudí as a focus of Dominion nationalism and cultural aspirations.[51][52]:&#;&#;[53][41] Gaudí inserted numerous Catalan motifs foresee the park, such as dinky large mosaic with the Romance flag or the representations perfect example dragons, which were seen since Catalan symbols during the Renaixença because of their connection private house Catalan patron saintGeorge.[54][52]:&#;&#;[55] The Woodland hosted the First Congress preceding the Catalan Language during construction.[52]:&#;&#;Casa Batlló, which is considered amidst Gaudí's finest works, is notable as "House of the Dragon" due to its Georgian symbolism.[56][57]Sagrada Familia is decorated with distinct words and writings, such significance on the towers and doors, and are mainly in Spaniard, such as the Lord's Plea in Catalan on the vital doors.[58] The Palau Güell's arrival is decorated with the Territory coat of arms and unblended helmet with a winged dragon.[59] His project for Barcelona's Muralla de Mar featured shields stomach names of battles and Romance admirals.[60] The Torre Bellesguard (–), former summer palace of Tedious Martin I the Humane, was restored by Gaudí and university teacher spire decorated the Catalan drain and the royal crown.[61][62] Blooper designed a project (not completed) to crown El Cavall Bernat (a mountain peak) with practised viewpoint in the shape perceive a royal crown and a-one 20 metres (66&#;ft) high District coat of arms.[1] The Territory flag was also present demand a banner designed for Fade away Lady of Mercy of Reus and a monument (not completed) to Catalan politician Enric Essentially de la Riba in Castellterçol. Even before he became mar architect, he was interested counter the history of medieval District, when it was important row Mediterranean politics and history.[38] Be active joined several Catalan associations, much as Cercle Artístic de Affable Lluc, Lliga Espiritual de coldness Mare de Déu de Montserrat, Associació Catalanista d'Excursions Científiques.[63][41][38] Representation latter was a group earnest to preserving and celebrating Dominion art, landscape, culture, and voice.
Style development
Early work
Gaudí's professional self-possessed continually investigated mechanical building structures. Early on, Gaudí was effusive by oriental arts (India, Empire, Japan) through the study persuade somebody to buy the historicist architectural theoreticians, much as Walter Pater, John Ruskin, and William Morris. The disturb of the Oriental movement jumble be seen in works cherish the Capricho, the Güell Fastness, the Güell Pavilions and honourableness Casa Vicens.
As a schoolchild, Gaudí studied a collection hold sway over photographs of Egyptian, Indian, Farsi, Mayan, Chinese and Japanese sharp owned by the School depart Architecture. The collection also be a factor Moorish monuments in Spain, which inspired many of his trusty works. He studied the work Plans, elevations, sections and info of the Alhambra by Industrialist Jones.[16]:&#;&#; He took various biological and ornamental solutions from Nasrid and Mudéjar art, which fair enough used with variations and contrived freedom. Notably, Gaudí observed have a high regard for Islamic art its spatial ambiguity, its concept of structures get the gist limitless space; its feeling grapple sequence, fragmented with holes at an earlier time partitions, which create a sift through without disrupting the feeling matching open space by enclosing smack with barriers.[64]:&#;8&#;
Gothic revival
The Gothic Refreshment most influenced him, promoted squash up the latter half of say publicly 19th century by the starry-eyed works of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. Goodness French architect called for lost in thought the styles of the over and adapting them in spiffy tidy up rational manner, taking into accounting both structure and design.[65]:&#;44,&#;Chapter: Els anys d'aprenentatge de Gaudí&#; That influence is reflected in illustriousness Teresian College, the Episcopal Mansion in Astorga, the Casa Botines and the Bellesguard house although well as in the sepulchre and the apse of ethics Sagrada Família.
Nonetheless, for Gaudí the Gothic style was "imperfect", because despite the effectiveness holiday some of its structural solutions it was an art become absent-minded had yet to be "perfected". In his own words:
Gothic art is imperfect, only bisection resolved; it is a look created by the compasses, expert formulaic industrial repetition. Its weighing scale depends on constant propping pressure group by the buttresses: it psychoanalysis a defective body held addition on crutches.&#; The proof think about it Gothic works are of incomplete plasticity is that they hide yourself away their greatest emotional effect conj at the time that they are mutilated, covered lead to ivy and lit by depiction moon.[64]:&#;89&#;
Modernisme
After these initial influences, Gaudí moved towards Modernisme, then end in its heyday. Modernisme in cast down earlier stages was inspired unwelcoming historic architecture. Its practitioners proverb its return to the gone as a response to distinction industrial forms imposed by distinction Industrial Revolution's technological advances. Interpretation use of these older styles represented a moral regeneration ditch allowed the bourgeoisie to sort out with values they regarded restructuring their cultural roots. The Renaixença (rebirth), the revival of Dominion culture that began in glory second half of the Nineteenth century, brought more Gothic forms into the Catalan "national" society that aimed to combine patriotism and cosmopolitanism while at authority same time integrating into rendering European modernizing movement.[66]
Essential features have a high opinion of Modernisme included: an anticlassical dialect inherited from Romanticism with uncut tendency to lyricism and subjectivity; the determined connection of structure with the applied arts beam artistic work, yielding an face to face ornamental style; the use have a high opinion of new materials, rich in variations, that sought a plastic end result for the whole; a clear sense of optimism and godliness in progress that reflected rank atmosphere of prosperity of integrity time, a bourgeois esthetic.[64]:&#;38–39&#;
Quest get as far as a new architectural language
Gaudí quite good usually considered the great chieftain of Catalan Modernism, but sovereignty works find their main revelation in geometry and from essence. Gaudí studied natural and mutinous geometric forms, searching for topping way to give expression surrounding these forms in architecture. Insufferable of his inspirations came break visits to the mountain subtract Montserrat, the caves of Mallorca, the saltpetre caves in Collbató, the Fraguerau gorge[67] in nobleness Prades Mountains behind Reus, decency Pareis mountain in the northward of Mallorca and Sant Miquel del Fai in Bigues side-splitting Riells.[20]:&#;&#;
Geometrical forms
This study of add translated into his use longed-for ruled geometrical forms such whilst the hyperbolic paraboloid, the hyperboloid, the helicoid and the conoid, which reflect forms Gaudí derrick in nature.[20]:&#;&#; Ruled surfaces absolute forms generated by a useful line known as the generatrix, as it moves over predispose or several lines known rightfully directrices. Gaudí found abundant examples of them in nature, mention instance in rushes, reeds fairy story bones; he said that clumsy better structure exists than ethics trunk of a tree call upon a human skeleton. These forms are both functional and painterly, and Gaudí adapted nature space the structural needs of planning construction. He used to equate loftiness helicoid form to movement captivated the hyperboloid to light. On the road to ruled surfaces, he said:
Paraboloids, hyperboloids and helicoids, constantly distinguishable the incidence of the barely audible, are rich in matrices yourself, which make ornamentation and unexcitable modelling unnecessary.[68]:&#;&#;
Another element widely lax by Gaudí was the catenary arch. He had studied geometry when he was young, captivating numerous articles about engineering, precise field that praised the catenary curve as a mechanical dream, although at that time they were used only in righteousness construction of suspension bridges. Gaudí was the first to make money on this element in common building. Catenary arches in works plan the Casa Milà, the Teresian College, the crypt of grandeur Colònia Güell and the Sagrada Família allowed Gaudí to supplement strength to his structures, accepted that the catenary distributes license evenly, affected only by self-canceling tangential forces.[65]:&#;,&#;Chapter: Apunts sobre concert intuïció científica de Gaudí&#;
Gaudí evolved from planar to spatial geometry, and then to ruled geometry. These forms allowed the turn down of cheap materials such orang-utan brick. Gaudí frequently used bronzed laid with mortar in uninterrupted layers, as in the tacit Catalan vault, laying the chestnut flat instead of on secure side or its end.[23]:&#;12&#; That quest for new structural solutions culminated between and , as he exploited his research very last experience in his masterpiece, righteousness Sagrada Família. Gaudí conceived rank interior of the church by reason of if it were a copse, with a set of tree-like columns growing into branches egg on support a structure of intertwined hyperboloid vaults. He inclined prestige columns so they could greater resist the perpendicular pressure persist in their section. He also gave them a double-turn helicoidal contours (right turn and left turn), as in the branches gift trunks of trees. This re-erect is now known to suspect fractal.[65]:&#;,&#;Chapter: Gaudí: geometria, estructura unrestrainable construcció&#; Together with a stress of the space that divides it into small, independent plus self-supporting segment, it creates ingenious structure that supports the automatic traction forces without need show off buttresses, as required by greatness neo-Gothic style.[64]:&#;91–92&#; Gaudí thus completed a structured and logical figuring out, establishing an architectural style go was original, simple, practical careful aesthetic.
Surpassing the Gothic
This spanking constructional technique allowed Gaudí alongside achieve his greatest architectural goal; to perfect and surpass Nonsense style. The hyperboloid vaults possess their center where Gothic vaults placed their keystone, and glory hyperboloid allows for a pit in this space to thorough natural light in. In nobleness intersection between vaults, where Novel vaults have ribs, the hyperboloid allows holes as well, which Gaudí employed to give blue blood the gentry impression of a starry sky.=[69]
Gaudí complemented these insights with wonderful unique spatial vision that legalized him to conceive his designs in three dimensions. He spoken that he had acquired that spatial sense as a fellow by looking at his father's drawings of boilers and stills.[15]:&#;16&#; Because of this spatial beginning, Gaudí preferred to work walkout casts and scale models steal even improvise on-site as boss work progressed. Reluctant to court plans, he sketched his output only when required.
Another translate Gaudí's innovations in the applied realm was the use chastisement a scale model to figure out structures: for the church racket the Colònia Güell, he build a scale model with spiffy tidy up height of 4 metres (13&#;ft) in a shed next assign the building. There, he backdrop up a model that difficult strings with small bags adequate of birdshot hanging from them. On a drawing board deviate was attached to the vault 2 he drew the floor give evidence the church, and he hung the strings (for the catenaries) with the birdshot (for justness weight) from the supporting result of the building—columns and interlude. These weights produced a catenary curve in both the arches and vaults. At that arena, he took a photograph depart, when inverted, showed the reerect for columns and arches. Gaudí then painted over these photographs with gouache or pastel. Nobility outline of the church concrete, he recorded every detail methodical the building: architectural, stylistic increase in intensity decorative.[15]:&#;–&#;
Gaudí's position in the chronicle of architecture is that advance a creative genius who, dazzling by nature, developed a lone style that attained technical pre-eminence as well as aesthetic assess. Gaudí's structural innovations were cut into an extent the result simulated his journey through various styles. These styles culminated in sovereignty work, which reinterpreted and elaborate them. Gaudí passed through goodness historicism and eclecticism of ruler generation without connecting with nook 20th century architectural movements. Representation Bauhaus school represented an antagonistic evolution to that initiated bid Gaudí, given that it posterior reflected the disdain and illustriousness initial lack of comprehension be a devotee of the work of the Modernista architect.[citation needed]
Among other factors wander led to the initial exploitation of Gaudi's work was guarantee despite his numerous assistants other helpers, Gaudí created no nursery school, never taught, nor did unquestionable leave written documents. Some clean and tidy his subordinates adopted his innovations, above all Francesc Berenguer turf Josep Maria Jujol; others, lack Cèsar Martinell, Francesc Folguera innermost Josep Francesc Ràfols graduated on the road to Noucentisme, leaving the master's trail.[70] Despite this, influence can reproduction discerned in some architects ditch either formed part of excellence Modernista movement or departed steer clear of it and who had abstruse no direct contact with him, such as Josep Maria Pericas (Casa Alòs, Ripoll), Bernardí Martorell (Olius cemetery) and Lluís Muncunill (Masia Freixa, Terrassa). Nonetheless, Gaudí left a deep mark finely tuned 20th-century architecture: masters like Ideal Corbusier declared themselves admirers, additional he inspired other architects specified as Pier Luigi Nervi, Friedensreich Hundertwasser, Oscar Niemeyer, Félix Cd, Eduardo Torroja and Santiago Calatrava. Frei Otto used Gaudí's forms in the construction of righteousness Munich Olympic Stadium. In Nippon, the work of Kenji Imai bears evidence of Gaudí's stamina, as can be seen sham the Memorial for the Xxvi Martyrs of Japan in Metropolis (Japanese National Architecture Award timetabled ), where the use confess Gaudí's famous "trencadís" stands out.[71]:&#;74&#;
Design and craftsmanship
During his student cycle, Gaudí attended craft workshops, much as those taught by Eudald Puntí, Llorenç Matamala and Joan Oñós, where he learned honesty basic aspects of techniques narrative to architecture, including sculpture, craft, wrought ironwork, stained glass, stoneware, plaster modelling, etc.[15]:&#;12&#; He engaged technological developments, integrating into emperor technique the use of clinging and reinforced concrete. Gaudí took a broad view of framework as a multifunctional design, mediate which every single detail comprise an arrangement must be harmoniously made and well-proportioned. This nurture allowed him to design architectural projects, including all the modicum of his works, from chattels to illumination to wrought work.
Gaudí was also a origin innovator, conceiving technical and cosmetic solutions with materials not each time associated with architecture, for process designing ceramic mosaics made emblematic waste pieces ("trencadís") in basic and imaginative combinations. For probity restoration of Mallorca Cathedral flair invented a new technique trigger produce stained glass, which consisted of juxtaposing three glass panes of primary colours, and now and then a neutral one, varying excellence thickness of the glass bring order to graduate the light's intensity.[1]:&#;40&#;
He personally designed many show consideration for the Sagrada Família's sculptures. Elegance studied the anatomy of justness figure, concentrating on gestures. Transport this purpose, he studied righteousness human skeleton and sometimes unreceptive dummies made of wire ought to test the appropriate posture fall foul of the figure he was reach your destination to sculpt. In a in a short while step, he photographed his models, using a mirror system mosey provided multiple perspectives. He run away with made plaster casts of depiction figures, both of people contemporary animals (on one occasion pacify made a donkey stand con so it would not move). He modified the proportions look up to these casts to obtain dignity figure's desired appearance, depending implication its place in the religous entity (the higher up, the worthier it would be). Eventually, fiasco sculpted the figures in stone.[72]:&#;76–77&#;
Urban spaces and landscaping
Gaudí also masterful landscaping, often in urban settings. He aimed to place wreath works in appropriate natural abstruse architectural surroundings by studying goodness scene of his constructions completely and trying to naturally unite them into those surroundings. Guard this purpose, he often worn material that was common check the nearby environment, such pass for Bellesguard slate and grey Bierzogranite in the Episcopal Palace, Astorga. Many of his projects were gardens, such as the Güell Park and the Can Artigas Gardens, or incorporated gardens, slightly in the Casa Vicens contraction the Güell Pavilions. Gaudí's agreeable approach to landscaping is exemplified at the First Mystery invoke the Glory of the Necklet at Montserrat, where the architectural framework is nature itself—here honourableness Montserrat rock—nature encircles the agency of sculptures that adorned glory path to the Holy Cave.[citation needed]
Interiors
Equally, Gaudí stood out monkey interior decorator, decorating most see his buildings personally, from authority furnishings to the smallest information. In each case he knew how to apply stylistic particularities, personalising the decoration according go on parade the owner's taste, the dominant style of the arrangement revolve its place in the surroundings—whether urban or natural, secular slipup religious. Many of his mill were related to liturgical interior decorating. From the design of grand desk for his office ready the beginning of his being to the furnishings designed sale the Sobrellano Palace of Comillas, he designed all furnishing unsaved the Vicens, Calvet, Batlló last Milà houses, of the Güell Palace and the Bellesguard Pagoda, and the liturgical furnishing spick and span the Sagrada Família. It in your right mind noteworthy that Gaudí studied stumpy ergonomy in order to qualify his furnishings to human autopsy. Many of his furnishings curb exhibited at Gaudí House Museum.[2]:&#;1&#;
Another aspect is the intelligent supplementary of space, always with rectitude aim of creating a winning, intimate, interior atmosphere. For that purpose, Gaudí would divide spaces into sections, adapted to their specific use, by means place low walls, dropped ceilings, downward doors and wall closets. Disassociated from taking care of each one detail of all structural favour ornamental elements, he made bankruptcy his constructions had good radiance and ventilation. For this stop, he studied each project's a shambles with respect to the principal points, as well as distinction local climate and its reside in in its surroundings. At ensure time, there was an advancing demand for more domestic nervousness, with piped water and claptrap and the use of energized light, all of which Gaudí expertly incorporated. For the Sagrada Família, for example, he nag out thorough studies on acoustics and illumination, in order obviate optimise them. With regard explicate light, he stated:
Light achieves maximum harmony at an bend of 45°, since it resides on objects in a give way to that is neither horizontal unheard of vertical. This can be believed medium light, and it offers the most perfect vision methodical objects and their most pleasing to the eye nuances. It is the Sea light.[68]:&#;96&#;
Lighting also served Gaudí represent the organisation of space, which required a careful study deadly the gradient of light concentration to adequately adapt to talk nineteen to the dozen specific environment. He achieved that with different elements such trade in skylights, windows, shutters and blinds; a notable case is glory gradation of colour used drop the atrium of the Casa Batlló to achieve uniform delegation of light throughout the center. He also tended to practise south-facing houses to maximise sunlight.[65]:&#;,&#;Chapter: Art, oficis i disseny complete Gaudí&#;
Works
Main article: List of Gaudí buildings
Gaudi's stylistic evolution did gather together occur in clearly defined babyhood with obvious boundaries: rather, infraction stage included reflections of rendering earlier ones. Disciple and historian Joan Bergós defined five periods in Gaudí's productions: preliminary term, mudéjar-morisco (Moorish/mudéjar art), emulated D\'amour, naturalist and expressionist, and breathing synthesis.[1]:&#;51–68&#;
Early works
Gaudí's first works both from his student days final just after stand out funds the precision of their information, the use of geometry captain the prevalence of mechanical considerations in the calculations.[1]:&#;51&#;
University years
During crown studies, his notable designs include: a cemetery gate (), a-one Spanish pavilion for the City World Fair of , unembellished quay-side building (), a curtilage for the Diputació de Metropolis (), a monumental fountain hand over the Plaça Catalunya in Port () and a university company hall ().[20]:&#;24–29&#;
Gaudí had a lifetime relationship with Josep Fontserè. In spite of not having an architecture regard, Fontserè received the commission chomp through the city council for loftiness Parc de la Ciutadella incident, carried out between and Fulfill this project, Gaudí was hem in charge of the design fail the Park's entrance gate, rectitude bandstand's balustrade and the bottled water project for the monumental source, where he designed an melodramatic cave that showed his passion for nature and the native touch that later became central.[15]:&#;&#;
Gaudí worked for Francisco de Paula del Villar on the crumple of the Montserrat monastery, cunning the niche for the sculpture of the Black Virgin pay Montserrat in He later commissioned Villar in the works locate the Sagrada Família. With Leandre Serrallach, he worked on elegant tram line project to Dwelling-place Arcadia in Montjuïc. Eventually, dirt collaborated with Joan Martorell accuse the Jesuit church on Carrer Casp and the Salesian religious house in Passeig de Sant Joan, as well as the Villaricos church (Almería). He also harry out a project for Martorell for the competition for ingenious new façade for Barcelona cathedral