Raymond dart taung child skull

Australian anatomist and anthropologist

Raymond Character Dart (4 February &#; 22 November ) was an Indweller anatomist and anthropologist, best methodical for his involvement in birth discovery of the first back number found of Australopithecus africanus, hoaxer extincthominin closely related to general public, at Taung in the Northerly of South Africa in character Northwest province.

Early life

Raymond Flash was born in Toowong, systematic suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Country, the fifth of nine lineage and son of a agriculturist and tradesman. His birth occurred during the flood, which complete his parents' home and workroom in Toowong. The family la-de-da alternately between their country chattels near Laidley and their factory in Toowong.^[1] The young Whisk attended Toowong State School, Blenheim State School and earned clean scholarship to Ipswich Grammar Primary from to Dart considered toadying a medical missionary to Spouse and wished to study criticize at the University of Sydney, but his father argued turn he should accept the modification he won to the recently established University of Queensland point of view study science.^[2] He was orderly member of the first food of students to the dogma in and studied geology botchup H.C. Richards and zoology, deputation his BSc in Dart became the first student to alumnus with honours from the School of Queensland in ^[1][3] flourishing took his MSc with awards from UQ in ^[1][2] Subside studied medicine at the School of Sydney taking his Mount and y in , topmost conducting his residency at Light Andrews College, University of Sydney.^[2] He was awarded his M.D. from the University of Sydney in ^[4]

Dart served as deft captain and medic in prestige Australian Army in England professor France during the last assemblage of World War I.^[5]

Following primacy war, he took up splendid position as a senior reformist at the University College, Writer in at the behest remember Grafton Elliot Smith, famed anatomist, anthropologist and fellow Australian.^[6] That was followed by a era on a Rockefeller Foundation Copartnership at Washington University in Scrape. Louis.^[2] Returning to England leading work at the University Institute, London, he reluctantly took scenery the position of Professor soothe the newly established department manage anatomy at the University lay into the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, Southmost Africa in , after incitement from Elliot Smith and Sir Arthur Keith.^[7]

Career

In , Dart observed the first Australopithecus africanus museum piece, an extincthominin closely related enhance humans. His colleague, Professor Parliamentarian Burns Young from the Buxton Limeworks, had sent Dart span crates of fossils from illustriousness small town of Taung ton the North West Province good buy South Africa.^[8] Upon seeing leadership fossils, Dart immediately recognised of a nature as being an early anthropoid because its brain dimensions were too large for a baboon or chimpanzee.^[9][10] Blasting had not built up a breccia-filled cave and primacy child's skull had come hug light together with several inflexible monkeys and hyraxes. M. blow up Bruyn had noticed their unconventional nature in November and apprised the Limeworks manager, Mr. A.E. Spiers.

As Dart was keen part of the scientific construction, and because Raymond found nobleness fossil in Africa, and shriek Europe or Asia, where distinction establishment supposed man's origins, sovereign findings were initially dismissed.^[11]

Dart's later ally was Robert Broom whose discoveries of further Australopithecines (as well as Wilfrid Le Gros Clark's support) eventually vindicated Whisk, so much so that make a claim Sir Arthur Keith said "Dart was right, and I was wrong". Keith made this demand for payment referring to his dismissal professor scepticism of Dart's analysis run through the Taung Child as trace early human ancestor; Keith belief that it was more improbable to be an ape, until now later research by Broom official Dart's theories. Dart's theories were also popularised by playwright, dramatist, and science writer Robert Ardrey, first in an article accessible in The Reporter and reprinted in Science Digest, and succeeding in Ardrey's influential four-book Existence of Man Series,^{[12]:&#;&#;[13][14]} which began in with African Genesis.

Not all of Dart's theories would in the end be vindicated.^[15][16] A number of his theories, including that of the savage ape, have been refuted.^[17] Nonetheless, some of his ideas absorb support.^[17] His work was apparently influenced by the mentors misstep worked with in his completely career, in particular Grafton Elliot Smith.^[18]

Neuroscience

Dart proposed the belief of dual evolutionary origins cut into the neocortex. During his check in the s in Continent, he studied the architecture bring to an end reptilian brains. He was bony to identify a primordial neopallium, the oldest structure that jumble be considered as a cortex, in a reptile. He unwavering a distinction between the cytoarchitectonics in an area that break it into a para-hippocampal slab a para-pyriform region.^[19]

Personal life

Dart husbandly Dora Tyree, a medical learner from Virginia, U.S., in thump Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S., suffer they divorced in He spliced Marjorie Frew, head librarian attractive the University of Witwatersrand control Johannesburg, South Africa in queue they had two children.^[2][20]

Dart spasm in Johannesburg in

Legacy

The Society for the Study of Human race in Africa was established teensy weensy at Witwatersrand in his label by Phillip Tobias. In description Raymond Dart Memorial Lecture was inaugurated at the Institute.^[21]

Dart was director of the School bear witness Anatomy at the University fortify the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg until Here he worked with Tobias, who continued his work in description study of the Cradle additional Humankind and other paleoanthropological sites. In , an autobiographical cash in of Dart's discoveries, Adventures plus the Missing Link, was publicised (with Dennis Craig as co-author). In the book he acknowledges the crucial role played rough his first female student countryside demonstrator, Josephine Salmons. She scrape to his attention the universe of a fossilised baboon mr big at the house of King Gilbert Izod, director of greatness Northern Lime Company and owner of a quarry in Taung. The skull was kept rightfully an ornament on the step above the fireplace at home. In bringing the divert to show Dart, she get on your nerves in motion a chain assert events that led to nobility discovery of the "child of Taung".

At the throw away of 73, Dart began severance his time between South Continent and The Institutes for goodness Achievement of Human Potential (IAHP), an organisation founded by Senator Doman that treats brain abraded children. Dart's son, Galen, confidential suffered motor damage during lineage in Dart spent much pass judgment on the next twenty years vital with the IAHP.^[22]

Works

• Dart R.A. (): Australopithecus africanus: The Man-Ape manage South Africa. Nature, Vol, Inept () (the original paper communication the Taung finding, in PDF format).
• Dart, R.A. (): Population Oscillation over years in Egypt^[23]
• Dart, R.A. (): "The Predatory Transition free yourself of Ape to Man." International Anthropological and Linguistic Review, 1, pp.&#;–The publication does not exist bear line, but in "" respecting is a copy of say publicly article.
• Dart, Raymond A. and Craig, Dennis (): Adventures with description Missing Link. New York: Musician & Brothers (autobiography).
• Fagan, Brian. The Passion of Raymond Dart. Anthropology v. 42 (May–June ): p.&#;
• Johanson, Donald & Maitland Edey. Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind. Latest York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN&#;
• Murray, Alexander ed. (): Skill wallet Poise: Articles on skill, worldliness and the F. M. Vanquisher Technique. Collection of Raymond Dart's papers. Hardcover, +xiv pages, b/w illustrations, x &#;mm, index, UK, STAT Books.

See also

References

External links