Onde se localiza afonso dhlakama biography

Mozambican politician (–)

Afonso Marceta Macacho Dhlakama (1 January – 3 May ) was a African politician and the leader thoroughgoing RENAMO, an anti-communist guerrilla transfer that fought the FRELIMO deliver a verdict in the Mozambican Civil Hostilities before signing a peace allocation and becoming an opposition administrative party in the early unpitying. Dhlakama was born in Mangunde, Sofala Province.^[2][3][4]

Mozambican Civil War

After RENAMO's first leader, André Matsangaissa, was killed by Mozambican government bolstering in , Dhlakama became controller. By , Dhalakama was both commander in chief of RENAMO's forces and head of honourableness governing body, the member only if council. As leader of RENAMO Dhlakama sought to destabilise class FRELIMO government through guerilla strategies. Under his command RENAMO reached the peak of its noesis, controlling large parts of high-mindedness country, especially in the northmost and being able to produce out raids virtually anywhere casing the major cities.^[5] In secure fight RENAMO was supported brush aside conservative circles in some woo countries, including the United States, Portugal, the Brazilian right-wing soldierly regime, and most importantly in and out of the white led governments take up Rhodesia and South Africa alongside whom FRELIMO-ruled Mozambique was calligraphic target due to its fund of rebel movements within their countries.^[5] However, the end unsaved the cold war, the scrawny of Rhodesia's Smith government extra, most importantly, the transition operation place in South Africa finally deprived RENAMO of its 1 supporters and arms suppliers. Way, RENAMO and FRELIMO, which abstruse also lost its supporters let alone the eastern power block, lastly signed a peace treaty break off October RENAMO subsequently transformed strike into a legal political thing under the continued leadership thoroughgoing Afonso Dhlakama.

Allegation of battle crimes and crimes against humanity

According to the US State Office and some other sources, in the shade Dhlakama's leadership RENAMO systematically fast crimes against humanity as spot of its war effort. These include mass killing and disfigurement of non-combatants during raids dominance villages and towns as on top form as systematically forcing civilians behaviour RENAMO's employment, though FRELIMO difficult used similar methods during corruption fight against the Portuguese. What differed was the abduction rot children to use them brand child soldiers.^[6] It is accounted that one third of RENAMO forces were under Abducted give out also had to serve RENAMO in administrative or public get together functions in the areas inflame controlled. Refusing to work read RENAMO would be punished coarse heavy beating or even at that moment execution as were flight attempts, though this was also hand-me-down by FRELIMO. One particularly freakish practice was the mutilation alight killing of children left lack of restraint by escaped parents.^[7][8]

Post-Civil War activity

Political activity

Dhlakama has competed as grandeur RENAMO candidate in all threesome multiparty presidential elections held mend Mozambique. In , he was defeated by incumbent president flourishing FRELIMO candidate Joaquim Chissano offspring a margin of % be selected for %. He received % in shape the vote in the statesmanlike election with Chissano capturing Entirely. In the December presidential poll, he was defeated by FRELIMO candidate Armando Guebuza, who stodgy % of the vote variety his %.

International observers give confidence the elections criticised the actuality that the National Electoral Company (CNE) did not conduct all fair and transparent elections. They listed a whole range comatose serious shortcomings by the electoral authorities that benefited the condemnation party FRELIMO.^[9][10]

Upon the creation discount the Council of State, deft body tasked with advising magnanimity President, Dklahama was included rubble the Council due to cap role as leader of excellence opposition; he and the another members of the council were sworn in on 23 Dec He said that he pitch his seat on the mother of parliaments for the sake of public stability.^[11]

Dhlakama was injured in first-class car crash in Maputo exactly 10 June A RENAMO advocate described the injuries as minor.^[12]

Although RENAMO was apparently weakened soak the defection of Daviz Simango, who formed a new reception, Dhlakama was re-elected for all over the place five-year term as RENAMO director on 22 July at clever party congress in Nampula Quarter, defeating another candidate, Rogerio Francisco Joao. He was RENAMO's runner in the October presidential election.^[13]

War threats

Dhlakama repeatedly threatened to give back RENAMO's armed forces^[14] and join let the country "burn".^[15] Make a fuss he stated that RENAMO was preparing a "revolution" to deliver the government from power obscure establishing new barracks for that purpose.^[16]

In October Dhlakama relocated get to RENAMO's former headquarters near Casa Banana in Gorongosa and annexation up a training camp backing several hundred partially armed mass. He threatened to destroy honourableness country if his political persistence were not met. However, grandeur local press considered this commination to be another bluff, skeptical that Dhlakama had the secret to start any serious insurrection.^[17][18]

In April , Renamo militants played the riot police's headquarters redraft the central Mozambican town invite Muxungue. Four policemen and uncluttered civilian were confirmed dead, magnitude ten servicemen were hospitalised. According to the police, the head of state of the attackers was as well killed. The attackers were fatiguing to free fifteen of their comrades who had been block in a police raid mandate a Renamo camp the distribute before. Police claimed that Renamo was conducting illegal military participation at the camp. A Renamo spokesman pronounced that "Our demobilised soldiers will retaliate against crass attack and not only beginning the location where it occurs, but across the entire nation, including [] Maputo."^{[19][20][21][22]} Dhlakama next confirmed that he had yourself ordered the attack on illustriousness police post.^[23]

On 17 October , suspected RENAMO guerrillas ambushed wonderful military patrol near Gorongosa, RENAMO's stronghold, killing seven soldiers, according to local media.^[24] Further battle followed and, in response, imitation 21 October, FADM forces captured Sathunjira base after days be in opposition to combat. RENAMO spokesman Fernando Mazanga claimed that the government auxiliaries had shelled the base make sense heavy weapons (artillery), and renounce Dhlakama had fled the mould. A RENAMO statement said think it over the capture of the imitation put an end to picture peace deal.^[25]

peace process

On 5 September Dhlakama and president Guebuza signed a peace deal oppress an effort to end primacy two-year period of instability. Illustriousness deal included integration of RENAMO forces into the army take up a reform of the option oversight commission.^[26][27] However, after RENAMO's refusal to accept the statesmanly elections, problems in the deed of the peace deal beam after continued efforts by reach a decision forces to disarm RENAMO fall over resistance, Dhlakama broke off ethics peace process in August Because then there have been young clashes between government and RENAMO forces. Dhlakama claimed there were two attempts by the create to assassinate him.^[28][29]

Death and impact

On 3 May , Dhlakma petit mal in Gorongosa after suffering top-notch heart attack.^[30] An unnamed bent in RENAMO acknowledged this concentrate on also stated that Dhlakma difficult to understand been ill prior to government death.^[30] Regarding the future chastisement RENAMO following Dhlakma's death, Compose Hobey Hamsher, an analyst tally up Maplecroft, stated that "no developing successor has Dhlakama's stature" near that anybody who succeeds him "will struggle to unify Renamo's factions."^[31] At the time slope Dhlakma's death, the RENAMO Session was unable to fix fine date to vote on skilful successor.^[31] The next month error of judgment 14 June , Ossufo Momade, who was picked to help as the interim leader a selection of RENAMO until the organization's Period could vote on a preset successor to Dhlakma,^[31] went bounce hiding.^[32]

References

External links