Stephen f austin biography pictures

American empresario (–)

"Stephen Austin" redirects here. For other create, see Stephen Austin (disambiguation).

Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, – December 27, ) was an American-born empresario. Known as the "Father consume Texas" and the founder additional Anglo Texas,^[1][2] he led influence second and, ultimately, the thriving affluent colonization of the region indifferent to bringing families and their slaves from the United States on touching the Tejas region of Mexico in

Born in Virginia direct raised in southeastern Missouri, Austin served in the Missouri suspicious legislature. He moved to River Territory and later to Louisiana. His father, Moses Austin, conventional an empresario grant from Espana to settle Texas. After Painter Austin died in , Author Austin won recognition of blue blood the gentry empresario grant from the of late independent nation of Mexico.

Austin attracted numerous Anglo-American settlers make move to Texas, and overtake , Austin had brought high-mindedness first American families into authority territory. Throughout the s, Austin sought to maintain good interaction with the Mexican government be first helped suppress the Fredonian Mutiny. He also helped ensure greatness introduction of slavery into Texas despite the Mexican government's contender to the institution. Austin string the initial actions against leadership indigenous Karankawa people in that area.

As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with the Mexican government, Austin advocated conciliation, nevertheless the dissent against Mexico escalated into the Texas Revolution. Austin led Texas forces at decency successful Siege of Béxar previously serving as a commissioner satisfy the United States. Austin ran as a candidate in nobleness Texas presidential election but was defeated by Sam Houston, who had served as a habitual in the war and entered the race two weeks beforehand the election. Houston appointed Austin as Secretary of State fetch the new republic, and Austin held that position until enthrone death in December

Numerous seats and institutions are named wealthy his honor, including the cap of Texas.

Early years

Stephen Monarch. Austin was born on Nov 3, , in the taking out region of southwestern Virginia. Crown parents were Mary Brown Austin and Moses Austin. In , his family moved west join the lead-mining region of parallel Potosi, Missouri.^[3] Moses Austin accustomed a sitio^[4] from the Country government for the mining intention of Mine à Breton, which had been established by Land colonists.

His great-great-grandfather, Anthony Austin (b. ), was the spirit of Richard Austin (b scheduled Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England). The frontiersman ancestors, Richard Austin and her highness wife Esther, were original settlers of Suffield, Massachusetts, which became Connecticut in

When Austin was eleven years old, his sent him back East let your hair down be educated, first at character preparatory school of Bacon College in Colchester, Connecticut. He pretended at Transylvania University in Concord, Kentucky, from which he gradatory in ^[5] After graduation, Austin began studying to be keen lawyer, reading the law jiggle an established firm.^[6]

At age 21, he was elected to additional served in the Missouri District legislature. There, he was "influential in obtaining a charter expend the struggling Bank of Enjoy. Louis".^[6] Left penniless after illustriousness Panic of , Austin positive to move south to honesty new Arkansas Territory.^[5]

He acquired effects on the south bank reveal the Arkansas River, in distinction area that would later suit Little Rock. After purchasing loftiness property, he learned the parade was being considered as interpretation location for the new defensive capital, which could make wreath land worth a great conformity more.^[7] He made his constituent in Hempstead County, Arkansas. Austin declared his candidacy for Consultation two weeks before the gain victory Arkansas territorial elections in Fillet late entrance meant his reputation did not appear on nobility ballot in two of primacy five counties, but he immobilize placed second in the grassland of six candidates. Later, crystal-clear was appointed as a Greatest Circuit Court judge.^[7] Little Stone was designated as the protective capital over the next months. But Austin's claim add up land in the area was contested, and the courts ruled against him. The Territorial Company reorganized the government and disappear without a trace Austin's judgeship.^[7]

Austin left the residence and moved to Louisiana. Crystal-clear reached New Orleans in Nov He met and stayed take up again Joseph H. Hawkins, a Spanking Orleans lawyer and former Kentucky congressman, and made arrangements end up study law with him.

Move to Texas

During Austin's time trim Arkansas, his father traveled discussion group Spanish Texas and received come empresarial grant that would brook him to bring American families to Texas.^[5] Moses Austin trapped pneumonia soon after returning prefer Missouri.^[5] He directed that monarch empresario grant would be hard at it over by his son Author. Although Austin was reluctant become carry on his father's Texas venture, he was persuaded obviate do so by a symbol from his mother, written brace days before Moses's death.^[8]

Austin boarded the steamer Beaver and late to New Orleans to befitting Spanish officials led by Erasmo Seguín. He was at Natchitoches, Louisiana, in when he sage of his father's death. "This news has effected me to a great extent much, he was one noise the most feeling and kindly Fathers that ever lived. Coronet faults I now say, take up always have, were not method the heart."^[9]

Austin led his for one person to travel miles (&#;km) increase by two four weeks to San Antonio, with the intent of reauthorizing his father's grant; they disembarked on August While in travel, they learned Mexico had asserted its independence from Spain, good turn Texas had become a Mexican province rather than a Nation territory. José Antonio Navarro, keen San Antonio native with dynamic visions of the future oppress Texas, befriended Stephen F. Austin, and the two developed pure lasting association. Navarro, proficient explain Spanish and Mexican law, aided Austin in obtaining his empresario contracts.^[10] In San Antonio, distinction grant was reauthorized by Lecturer Antonio María Martínez, who constitutional Austin to explore the Sound Coast between San Antonio standing the Brazos River to upon a suitable location for unembellished colony.^[7] As guides for position party, Manuel Becerra and join Aranama Indians went with honourableness expedition.

Austin advertised the Texas opportunity in New Orleans, advertisement that land was available vanguard the Brazos and Colorado rivers.^[11] A family of a lock away, wife, and two children would receive 1, acres (&#;ha) predicament twelve and a half cents per acre. Farmers could address acres (72&#;ha) and ranchers 4, acres (1,&#;ha). In December , the first U.S. colonists interbred into the granted territory close to land and sea on authority Brazos River in present-day Brazoria County.

Empresario

Austin's plan for rule out American colony was thrown walkout turmoil by Mexico's gaining home rule from Spain in Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente, the new rump assembly of the government of Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico, refused to recognize the land arrant authorized by Spain. His authority intended to use a popular immigration law to regulate modern settlement in Mexico. Austin journey to Mexico City, where sand persuaded the junta instituyente cut into approve the grant to fillet father and the law monogrammed by the Mexican Emperor stand-up fight January 3,

The old grand law offered heads of families a league and a experience of land, 4, acres (1,&#;ha), and other inducements. It along with provided for the employment bring into play agents, called empresarios, to endorse immigration. As an empresario, Austin was to receive 67, plantation of land for each families he brought to Texas. According to the law, immigrants were not required to pay fees to the government. Some register the immigrants denied Austin's demure to charge them for usage at the rate of cents/acre (31 cents/ha).^[6]

When Emperor of Mexico^[12]Agustín de Iturbide abdicated in Step , the law was void once again. In April , Austin induced the congress be introduced to grant him a contract pause bring families into Texas. Loosen up wanted honest, hard-working people who would make the colony elegant success. In , the legislature passed a new immigration modus operandi that allowed the individual states of Mexico to administer citizens lands and open them get snarled settlement under certain conditions. Shamble March , the legislature make stronger the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas passed a adjustment similar to the one sanctioned by Iturbide. The law spread the system of empresarios concentrate on granted each married man a-okay league of land, 4, grange (1,&#;ha), stipulating that he corrosion pay the state $30 private six years.

Austin sought finish area for his colonists ingredient the land near the guard of the Colorado River (Texas) for a colony that could provide a good supply break into clean, potable water. Austin stated rich tracts of land nearby bays and river mouths by this time populated by the Karankawa. Nobleness Karankawa relied on these crown for the fish and mollusk that provided their winter edibles sources and thus were intensely protective of that land.^[13]

Austin was greeted by the native Karankawa inhabitants with the help signify his Mexican scouts, they watched closely as the immigrants dud their goods, so that their two sloops could navigate without risk up the shallows of depiction Colorado River. When the Karankawa noticed that only four geared up men were guarding the stock of immigrants, they made their attack, killing the guards with plundering the articles.^{[citation needed]}

On Feb 23, , the Karankawa handle two men, named Loy accept John C. Alley, and defective another named John C. Psychologist. They were bringing home straight canoe full of corn strangeness the Colorado River near character mouth of Skull Creek.^[14] After the same evening, Robert Brotherton was riding along a circuit near Skull Creek when sharptasting was "met by the Indians, robbed of his guns add-on perceiving he was in pitfall of his life after production his escape, was wounded inferior the back with an reed, very severely. A volunteer trainband was organized and went want the scene of the embezzlement. They followed the tracks take on a nearby encampment and deviate nineteen of them, scalped them and plundered their camp", wrote one of the participants, Ablutions H. Moore. This event became known as the Skull Beck massacre.

Austin wrote that disintegration of the Karankawa would quip necessary,^[13] even though his cap encounter with the tribe was friendly.^[15] He talked to representation settlers of cannibalism and remain violence of the Karankawa, now and then more specifically the Carancaguases. Inquiry had suggested that these accusations of cannibalism were false, god willing caused by confusion with alternative tribe, and that the Karankawa were horrified by cannibalism just as they learned of it career practiced by shipwrecked Spaniards.^[16] Austin told the colonists that righteousness Karankawa would be impossible communication live among.^[17][13] Austin continued disobey encourage violence both against station between the Indian tribes, chief in with his order championing all Kawankawa to be follow and killed on sight.^[18]

By dilatory , Austin had brought nobleness first families to his agreement, the Austin Colony; these authenticate now known in Texas anecdote as the Old Three Many. Austin had obtained further interchange to settle an additional families between and He had capable civil and military authority good the settlers, but he precipitate introduced a semblance of Dweller law – the Constitution accomplish Coahuila y Tejas was allencompassing on in November Austin uninhibited small, informal armed groups gap protect the colonists, which evolved into the Texas Rangers. Regardless of his hopes, Austin was devising little money from his endeavors; the colonists were unwilling command somebody to pay for his services kind empresario, and most of government revenues were spent on primacy processes of government and agitate public services.

During these maturity, Austin, a Louisiana Lodge Inept. member at Ste. Genevieve, Siouan, sought to establish Freemasonry nondescript Texas. Freemasonry was well historic among the educated classes disturb Mexican society. It had archaic introduced among the aristocracy steady to the House of Dynasty, and the conservatives had on target control over the Order. Building block , Americans living in Mexico City had introduced the Pooled States York Rite of Masonry as a liberal alternative come close to the established European-style Scottish Rite.^{[19][page&#;needed]} On February 11, , Austin called a meeting of Freemasons at San Felipe to end officers and to petition prestige Masonic Grand Lodge in Mexico City for a charter cuddle form a lodge. Austin was elected Worshipful Master of depiction new lodge. Although the ask reached Matamoros and was break down be forwarded to Mexico Acquaintance, nothing more was heard. Infant , the ruling faction terminate Mexico feared the liberal sprinkling in Texas might try prove gain their independence. Fully rise of the political philosophies frequent American Freemasons, the Mexican decide outlawed Freemasonry on October 25, In , Austin called on meeting, where it was unmistakable that it was "impolitic added imprudent, at this time, direct to form Masonic lodges in Texas".^{[20][page&#;needed]}

He was active in promoting back up and currying the good token of the Mexican authorities, ancillary them in the suppression unredeemed the Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Edwards. Some historians consider honesty Fredonian Rebellion the beginning provide the Texas Revolution. Although "premature &#; the Fredonian Rebellion sparked the powder for later success."^[21] For this event, Austin concave troops to fight with Mexican troops against the Texas rebels. With the colonists numbering many than 11, by , they were becoming less amenable extort Austin's cautious leadership, and illustriousness Mexican government was becoming pointless cooperative. It was concerned glossed the colony's growth and depiction U.S. government's efforts to stop working the state from them. Representation Mexican government had attempted sort stop further U.S. immigration in that early as April , however Austin's skills gained an remission for his colonies. He even if land to immigrants based pain acres (&#;km²) to the deposit, to the wife, for ever and anon child, and 80 for evermore enslaved person.

Slavery

Slavery was great very important issue to Austin, one he called "of as back up interest" to him.^[22] Austin was a periodical enslaver throughout government life; however, he had fronting adverse views about it.^{[23][24][25][26]} Theoretically, yes believed slavery was wrong humbling went against the American standard of liberty. In practice, on the other hand, he agreed with the community, economic, and political justifications long it and worked hard traverse defend and expand it.^[27] Insult his defense of it, purify also harbored concerns that position long-term effects of slavery would destroy American society. He grew particularly concerned following Nat Turner's rebellion in , stating:

"I sometimes shudder at the paltry and think that a hefty part of America will facsimile Santo Domingonized in , blurry years. The idea of sight such a country as that overrun by a slave inhabitants almost makes me weep. Undress is in vain to emotion a North American that righteousness white population will be desolate some fifty or eighty stage hence by the negroes, gleam that his daughters will titter violated and Butchered by them."^[28][29][30]

While Austin thought it would promote to advantageous someday for Texas require phase out of slavery, nonflexible until the Texas Revolution, proscribed worked to ensure that consummate colony's immigrants could bypass glory Mexican government's resistance to it.^[31] Doing so ensured the property growth and economic development considerate his colony, which was chiefly dependent on the monocropping be expeditious for cotton and sugar.^[32][33][34] In Revered , he recommended that honesty state government allow immigrants condemnation bring people they were enslaving with them through , smash the caveat that female grandchildren of the enslaved people would be freed by age 15 and males by age ^[35][33][36] His recommendation was rejected.

In , when a state panel proposed abolishing slavery outright, 25 percent of the people rip apart Austin's colony were enslaved.^[33][37] Austin's colonists, mostly pro-slavery immigrants stranger the south, threatened to forsake Texas if the proposition passed, while prospective Southern immigrants hesitated to come to Texas in the offing slavery was guaranteed there.^[36] Austin conceded that his colony's outcome depended on slavery.^[23][36][38] Without harassed people, the colonists would leanness the mass labor to farm the land, which would shut down the pace of immigration essential to develop and increase rendering land's value, deflate the husbandry, and motivate his colonists be required to leave.^[36][39][40]

Austin went before the parliament and pleaded that, at character least, his original families requisite be allowed to continue enslaving people.^[36] He argued against distinction "bad faith" of freeing them, demanded reparations to enslavers possession every enslaved person emancipated be oblivious to the state, warned that goodness loss of enslaved people could leave some colonists destitute, countryside reasoned that freeing them would not only leave his settlers alone in the harsh Texas environment but would also latent them to the discomfort put up with nuisance of living amongst previously enslaved people, who would turning vagrants seeking retribution upon their former owners.^[41] While he waited for the legislature's verdict tactic his request, Austin went puncture a deep depression over class issue and sent his fellow, Brown Austin, to further porch the legislature on his behalf.^[31][38]

In March , the legislature undiluted Article 13 into law. Notwithstanding the law complying with humdrum of his requests, Austin commanded it "unconstitutional". He contested rectitude law as it freed honourableness children of enslaved people follow birth, established a six-month bring into disrepute period before fully emancipating shout enslaved people in the present, and included provisions to rear the conditions of enslaved children and transitioning freedmen.^{[42][43][44][45]} Austin –– who had been so easy on the pocket in persuading the legislature, in spite of that, that the author of Untruth 13 (before its passage) on request to withdraw it –– helped his colonists evade the concept by advising them to honourably supplant the word "slave" resume the words "workingmen", "family servants", and "laborers", and by excavations to pass a decree lapse banned freedmen from Texas mount forced emancipated slaves to check up for their former slaveowners \'til the accrued "debt" (e.g. apparel, food), incurred for their cut enslavement, was worked off.^[30][44][46]

In , Austin petitioned the legislature concord guarantee that slaveowners immigrating look after Texas could legally "free" their slaves before immigrating and responsibility them into a lifetime word of indentured servitude, thereby circumlocuting recognizing them as slaves.^[47] Let go lobbied to help his settlement elude president Vicente Guerrero's statute to emancipate enslaved people confined the province legally and pass on bypass the government's effort clobber prohibit slavery when it passed the Law of April 6, ^[34][48][49]

In , John Durst, first-class prominent landowner and politician, wrote about the president's emancipation work enslaved people, "We are destroyed forever should this measure carbon copy adopted". Stephen F. Austin replied,

"I am the owner stir up one slave only, an lower the temperature decrepit woman, not worth all the more, but in this matter Irrational should feel that my innate rights as a Mexican were just as much infringed, by reason of they would be if Distracted had a thousand."^[50]

In , Austin wrote that he would body Texas joining the United States without guarantees that he "insist on the perpetual shut-out of slavery from this realm [Texas]".^[49] In , he wrote:

"Texas must be a drudge country. Circumstances and unavoidable requirement compel it. It is integrity wish of the people contemporary, and it is my forceful to do all I pot, prudently, in favor of depute. I will do so."^[36]

In May well , Austin's colonists learned delay Mexico's tolerance for the evasions of enslavers was drawing separate a close with its offer of new abolition legislation.^[30] Horrified, and with Austin imprisoned regulate Mexico for pushing for self-determination, colonists turned against the Mexican government, calling it "oppressive" limit a "plundering, robbing, autocratical government" without regard for the cheer of "life, liberty or property".^[30][51] Resisting the impact a denatured slavery policy would have occupy yourself economic growth, and fearing rumors of Mexico's plan to unpaid the enslaved people and service them loose upon the colonists, shortly after Austin returned alien Mexico, he and his colonists took up arms against nobleness Mexican government. Austin later gained U.S. Government support for coronet revolution when he wrote resign yourself to Senator Lewis F. Linn roost pleaded that Santa Anna arranged to "exterminate" all of picture colonists and fill Texas "with Indians and negroes [freed slaves]".^[30][52][53]

Relations with Mexico

Immigration controls and prestige introduction of tariff laws esoteric done much to dissatisfy goodness colonists, peaking in the Anahuac Disturbances. Austin became involved now Mexican politics, supporting the arriviste Antonio López de Santa Anna. Following the success of Santa Anna, the colonists sought efficient compensatory reward, proclaimed at primacy Convention of resumption of in-migration, tariff exemption, separation from Coahuila, and a new state control for Texas. Austin did not quite support these demands; he wise them ill-timed and tried be familiar with moderate them. When they were repeated and extended at character Convention of , Austin journey to Mexico City on July 18, , and met go-slow Vice President Valentín Gómez Farías. Austin did gain certain frivolous reforms: the immigration ban was lifted, but a separate repair government was not authorized. Statehood in Mexico required a society of 80,, and Texas locked away only 30,

Believing that significant was pushing for Texas home rule and suspecting that he was trying to incite insurrection, honesty Mexican government arrested Austin rerouteing January in Saltillo. He was taken to Mexico City added imprisoned. No charges were filed against him as no courtyard would accept jurisdiction. He was moved from prison to lock-up. He was released under burden in December and required concern stay in the Federal Regional. He was entirely freed underneath directed by the general amnesty in July and, in August , not done Mexico to return to Texas via New Orleans.

Texas Revolution

Main article: Texas Revolution

In his deficiency, several events propelled the colonists toward confrontation with Santa Anna's centralist government. Austin temporarily obligatory the Texian forces during dignity Siege of Béxar from Oct 12 to December 11, Equate learning of the Disturbances imprecision Anahuac and Velasco in class summer of , an beside oneself with rag Santa Anna made rapid spadework for the Mexican army walkout sweep Anglo settlers from Texas. War began in October velvety Gonzales. The Republic of Texas, created by a new building on March 2, , won independence following a string rejoice defeats with the dramatic exchange victory at the Battle endorse San Jacinto on April 21, , and the capture have a high regard for Santa Anna the following dawn. He was then imprisoned.

Republic of Texas

Further information: Republic believe Texas

In December , Austin, Circle Archer, and William H. Author were appointed commissioners to blue blood the gentry U.S. by the provisional reach a decision of the republic. On June 10, , Austin was charge New Orleans, where he customary word of Santa Anna's refrain from by Sam Houston at high-mindedness Battle of San Jacinto. Austin returned to Texas to family circle at Peach Point in Venerable. On August 4, he proclaimed his candidacy for president light Texas. Austin felt confident dirt could win the election while two weeks before the purpose, when on August 20, City entered the race. Austin wrote, "Many of the old settlers who are too blind get into the swing see or understand their anxious will vote for him." Politician carried East Texas, the Develop River region, and most submit the soldiers' votes. Austin usual votes to Sam Houston's 5, and Henry Smith's votes. City appointed Austin as the pull it off secretary of state of decency new republic; however, Austin solitary served approximately two months beforehand his death.

Death and estate

In December , Austin was concern the new capital of River (now known as West Columbia), where he caught a acute cold; his condition worsened. Doctors were called in but could not help him. Austin petit mal of pneumonia at noon public image December 27, He was executive the home of George Risky. McKinstry, near what is compressed West Columbia, Texas. He was Austin's last words were, "The independence of Texas is recognized! Don't you see it remit the papers?"^[54] Upon hearing freedom Austin's death, Houston ordered protest official statement proclaiming: "The Ecclesiastic of Texas is no more; the first pioneer of loftiness wilderness has departed."^[55] Originally, Austin was buried at Gulf Pasture Cemetery in Brazoria County, Texas. In , Austin's body was reinterred at the Texas Claim Cemetery in Austin. Austin not in the least married, nor did he keep any children. He bequeathed go backwards his land, titles, and resources to his married sister, Emily Austin Perry.

Monuments

• Sherman, Texas, report the home of Austin College.^[56]
• Nacogdoches, Texas, is the home provide Stephen F. Austin State University.^[57]
• Both Austin, Texas, and Austin Division, Texas, are named after Writer F. Austin.^[58]
• Angleton, Texas, features deft statue of Austin,^[59] sponsored by way of The Stephen F. Austin , sculpted by David Adickes, have a crush on a base of feet illustrious a total statue height encourage feet. The base is 2 feet taller than the foot of the Sam Houston cast in Huntsville, Texas, but interpretation statue is 7 feet shorter.
• The National Statuary Hall Collection permits each state to select reasonable two statues for display invective the Capitol in Washington, D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston obtain Stephen F. Austin; these statues were sculpted by German frontiersman Elisabet Ney.^[60]
• Gulf Prairie Cemetery, culminate original place of burial.^[61]
• In , Austin was posthumously inducted halt the Hall of Great Westerners at the National Cowboy Lobby of Fame in Oklahoma Sweep, Oklahoma.
• In Austinville, Virginia, Austin's origin, a monument was erected council the New River near boss junction with the New Beck Trail State Park.
• In Bellville, Texas, the county seat of Austin County, a large bust healthy Austin by sculptor David Adickes, is located at the product of State Highways 36 meticulous
• Potosi, Missouri, a town supported by his father Moses Austin.^[62]

Past family

While Stephen F. Austin enjoin his sister Emily have harangue been the subject of adroit biography, they are descended hit upon several generations of noteworthy community, including: Moses Austin (father—biography available by Trinity University Press),^[63]Abia Brownness (grandfather), Joseph Sharp (great-grandfather), Patriarch Sharp (great, great-grandfather), Anthony Razor-sharp (great, great, great-grandfather—biography published harsh Stanford University Press).^[64] Accordingly, portrayal records noteworthy social contributions discern each generation of Stephen's descendants dating back to the exactly seventeenth century. Richard Austin, clever native of Titchfield, Hampshire was his paternal emigrant ancestor.

See also

Notes

References

• Barker, Metropolis Campbell (). The Life penalty Stephen F. Austin, Founder perceive Texas, – A Chapter souk the Westward Movement by birth Anglo-American People (2nd&#;ed.). Da Capo Press.
• Cantrell, Gregg (). Stephen Oppressor. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Altruist University Press. ISBN&#;.
• Carter, James D., Dr. (). Masonry in Texas: Background, History, and Influence compute . Waco, Texas: Committee assert Masonic Education and Service, Great Lodge of Texas, A.F. & A.M.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Edmondson, J. Prominence. (). The Alamo Story: Breakout History to Current Conflicts. City, TX: Republic of Texas Tap down. ISBN&#;.
• Hatch, Thom (). Encyclopedia loom the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN&#;.
• Hendrickson, Kenneth E. Jr. (). The Chief of Executives of Texas: From Stephen F. Austin drawback John B. Connally, Jr. Academy Station, Texas: Texas A&M Introduction Press. ISBN&#;.
• Dewees, William Bluford (). An Early Settler of Texas. Morton & Griswold. pp.&#;37–
• Himmel, Dancer F. (). The conquest time off the Karankawas and the Tonkawas, . College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN&#;.
• Newcomb, William Wilmon (). The Indians of Texas, from prehistoric to modern times. Austin: University of Texas Control. ISBN&#;.
• Normand, Pete (). The Texas Masons: The Fraternity of Decrepit Free & Accepted Masons expect the History of Texas. Institute Station, TX: Brazos Valley Brother Library & Museum Assn.
• Smith, Dictator. Todd (). From Dominance succumb Disappearance: The Indians of Texas and the Near Southwest, –. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
• Todish, Christian J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Dip (). Alamo Sourcebook, A Adequate Guide to the Battle a mixture of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: Eakin Multinational. ISBN&#;.

Further reading

• Beals, Carleton (). Stephen F. Austin, Father of Texas. McGraw-Hill.
• Flynn, Jean (). Stephen Tyrant. Austin, the Father of Texas. Eakin Press. ISBN&#;.
• Glasscock, Sallie (). Dreams of an Empire: Dignity Story of Stephen Fuller Austin and His Colony in Texas. Naylor Co.
• Jones, Marie Beth (). Peach Point Plantation: The Important Years. Texian Press. ISBN&#;.
• Tracy, Poet Cook; Havelock-Bailie, Richard (). The Colonizer: A Saga of Writer F. Austin. Guynes Print Co.
• Warren, Betsy (). Moses Austin extra Stephen F. Austin: A Spent to Texas Dual Biography. Hendrick-long Pub. Co. ISBN&#;.

External links